Road user behavior

Horst, R. van der (1991), Video analysis of road user behavior at intersections. In T.W. van der Schaaf, D.A. Lucas and A.R. Hale (eds), Near Miss Reporting as a Safety Tool. Butterwortb-Heinemann. Oxford,... 

Naatanen, R. and Summala, H. 1976. Road-User Behavior and Traffic Accidents. Amsterdam and Oxford North-Holland Publishing Company New York American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc. 

In the remainder of the book I will explore the reasons why highway safety is improving - and the reasons why it isn t, especially from the perspective of the road user behavior. Because the road user - driver, cyclist, or pedestrian - has been historically viewed as the only decision maker in the driver-vehicle-highway system, his or her role is critical. But the driver does not behave in a vacuum. The roadway environment and the vehicle characteristics are crucial components in the highway traffic system, as are other vehicles and road users, the legal and... 

Rothengatter, T. (1988). Risk and the absence of pleasure a motivational approach to modeling road user behavior. Ergonomics, 31(4), 599-607. 

Naatanen, R. and H. Summala (1976). Road user behavior and traffic accidents. North-Holland, Amsterdam. 

Table 18-6. Behavioral approaches to affect road users behaviors.

The results suggest no direct relationship between road safety management and the final outcomes of the road safety systems. However, they do suggest a relationship between road safety management and road safety performance indicators [PAP 13]. This is what is in fact suggested by the SUNfiower pyramid, namely that the policy context and input will first affect the intermediate outcomes, i.e. the operational level of road safety, which corresponds to the level of road infrastiucture, the maturity of road user behavior, the protection offered by vehicles, etc. These operational conditions are thought to be the result of policies and interventions, and the final outcomes are results of these operational conditions. 

As the information on how road nsers perceive mles, measures and behavior in traffic can give additional insight in the pubhc snpport for certain measures taken or to be taken and the self-reported behavior also gives some additional insight in road user behavior, related data on road nser attitnde and behavior were selected and gathered. The SARTRE studies provided an appropriate source for this information. The studies span a number of years (1996, 1999, 2003 and 2011) the data are harmonized between European countries and are updated. From the SARTRE studies, the following issues were selected because they are relevant for road safety driver behavior (self-reported) and attitudes towards risk taking. 

These are measures that are not influenced by the observation unit, which are described in the system definitions. External risk reduction includes for example the behavior of road users or characteristics of the road itself This is also described in the system definitions. External risk reduction is seen as profitable within the scope of the hazard and risk analysis. The proof of efiftciency of external risk reduction is not included in this norm. 

The last part. Crash Causation and Countermeasures, focuses on what we have learned over the past one hundred years - and especially over the past few decades - about the causes of traffic accidents, their relative frequencies, and the means that have proven successfiil in combating accidents. The crash causation chapter also has a methodology component, because often the relative frequency of various causes of traffic accidents is methodology-bound meaning that different methods of analyses yield different conclusions. The countermeasures chapter is divided into first domains in which countermeasures can and have been applied organizational actions (such as "Vision Zero" mentioned above), behavioral changes in drivers and other road users, environmental treatments of the roadway and its furniture, and vehicular changes in both crash prevention and injury reduction. 

The safety issues part is the knowledge base meant for the Integrated Road Safety Observatory of the European Commission, where the user can find high quality information on important road safety issues in the form of web texts. The information is scientifically based, easy to read and ready to use. For each of the subject treated, the information consists of an overview of the magnitude of the problem, prevalence and countermeasures. The subjects are broadly related to age groups, road users, hazardous behavior, post-crash, road safety measures and policy issues. 

Other road users should also be made aware of the specific risks associated with PTW vulnerabihty and crash patterns. Conununication campaigns addressing required behavior change should be targeted at key groups of drivers and riders. 

Enforcement of traffic rules is an indispensable ally of other safety measures [ELV 04b] to promote homogeneous and safe traffic behavior between all road users. PTW operators, as other operators of motorized vehicles, must comply with traffic rales and typical enforcement activities, to control speeding, drinking and driving, non-respect of traffic rules, etc. 

Promoting appropriate behaviors of road users is a prerequisite... 

The vision task in the commercial vehicle is derived from the transportation task described in Sect. 1.1.1. Other road users, transport infrastructure and the behavior of the own vehicle are monitored within the driving task [23, p. 183], [65, p. 18] from the commercial vehicle in order to derive driver reactions [1, p. 4]. The concept related eye point position and the resulting vision restriction have to be considered. 

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