Road studs

TRL Report PPR143 Driver behaviour in response to illuminated road studs a simulator study, 2006... 

Active road studs offer a significant safety advantage over standard passive retroreflective studs since they appear to... 

In Norfolk, accidents reduced from 7.3 per year to 2.3 per year (40% at night to 0% at night, 60% on a wet road to 20%) following the introduction of active road studs. 

PPR143, Driver Behaviour in Response to Illuminated Road Studs A Simulator... 

Natural mbber was also used extensively in its oil-extended form in winter tires in the 1970s (57). Use of oil-extended natural mbber treads, found to have excellent traction on ice and snow, superseded studded synthetic mbber treads when studs were banned in certain countries and states owing to the damage they cause to partially cleared roads. This concept has been extended into aH-season tires, which account for over 75% of original equipment and replacement tires in the United States. It has been shown (58) that part replacement of styrene—butadiene mbber (SBR) in the formulation of aH-season tire tread compounds with oil-extended natural mbber increases ice and snow traction, reduces rolling resistance, and has no effect on normal wet grip. Also, there is only a minor trade-off in wear performance, because below a tire surface temperature of approximately 32°C, the wear of natural mbber is superior to SBR, whereas above this temperature the reverse is tme (59). Thus, wear of an aH-season tire ultimately depends on the surface temperature of the tread over its annual cycle of temperatures. 

Underground tunnel construction joints and sections Attaching metal studs in concrete Bonding pancake lighting systems on airport runways Bonding traffic markers on roadways and road dividers... 

I m sure you ve seen movies and TV shows where road blocks are put up and the villain or hero crashes right through and gets away. This is for effect, as decently equipped police departments have portable road blocks studded with over siied spikes. For P.D.s who can t affort these or need to stop traffic immediately without calling in, you can t beat my tire shredding road blocks. They can also be used by civilians to teach trespassers the error of their ways. 

Japan has developed several types of HPS that could resist harsh environment they are covered by the Japan Institute of Steel JIS/G3114 [10], The Japanese government has recently banned the use of studded wheels in cars and started to use deicing chloride on roads to mitigate further corrosion. Compared to conventional steel, the new HPS showed significant improvement in corrosion... 

A disproportionate percentage of pedestrian accidents involve high-fronted vehicles waiting at a stopline pulling forward unaware of a pedestrian crossing the road. A minimum distance between stopline and studs of 2.5 m is recommended. 

In road pavements, high performance concrete with carefully selected aggregate and compressive strength up to 135 MPa exhibited a level of abrasion resistance from studded tyres similar to massive granite. According to laboratory tests, this concrete may last four times longer than traditional concrete of 55 MPa. The addition of a small amount of steel and polypropylene fibres improves crack control in elements reinforced with traditional steel bars, for example, in deep beams where steel fibres partly replace stir-... 

Fosser, S. 1996. Studded or non-studded winter tyres No significant difference in risk of accidents. Nordic Road and Transport Research, 1, 16. 

Sigthorsson, H. 1998. Studded winter tyres and traffic safety. Nordic Road and Transport Research, 10(3), 4—7. 

Suggesting that perception is central to behavioural adaptation is not new of course. Along with Lund and O Neill (1986), the 1990 OECD report also discusses the importance of immediacy of feedback and increases in subjective safety (OECD, 1990 p. 65). Lund and O Neill (1986) state that only changes that influence feedback to the driver about the driving task should result in behavioural adaptation. This idea does have support when the literature regarding studded tyres, performance, road lighting, ABS, and seat belts is reviewed (see OECD, 1990 and Grayson, 1996, and other chapters in this book). However, it is not quite as simple as that. 

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