Tunnels, Underground

Safety issues are not covered here. These are dealt with in Systems and Equipment book, and some fundamental issues will be taken up in the second edition of the Fundamentals book. The following aspects should be taken into account in system design fan safety AHU fire protection issues safety measures in mines, tunnels, underground car parks, etc. transportation of chemical and explosives. 

Wittke, W., Gattermann, J.H. Wittke-Gattermann, P. 2005. Some aspects for geotechnical investigations for TBM and NATM tunneling in rock. In Erdem Solak (eds), ITA-AITES World Tunnel-Underground Space Use Analysis of the Past and Lessons for the Future 693-699. Taylor Francis Group, London. 

Ting, W.H., Ooi, T.A. Tan, B.K. 1995. Tunnelling activities in Malaysia - Country Report. Proc. S.E. Asian Symp. on Tunnelling Underground Space Development, 18-19 Jan 1995, Bangkok. 

Ryu, D.W., Lee, Y.R., Chang, Y,S., Lee, H.K., Park, HD, 2000, Rock joint surveying system using the image processing and three-dimensional pictures surveying. Tunnel underground space, VoL 10, No. 3, Journal of Lorean Society for Rock Mechanics, pp. 329-343. 

Tuff, a compressed volcanic material, is the primary constituent of Yucca Mountain, near Las Vegas, Nevada, the site selected by Congress in 1987 for assessment for spent fuel disposal. An underground laboratory, to consist of many kilometers of tunnels and test rooms, is to be cut into the mountain with special boring equipment to determine if the site is suitable for a repository. 

Underground chambers are also constructed in frozen earth (see subsection Xow-Temperature and Cryogenic Storage ). Underground tunnel or tank storage is often the most practical way of storing hazardous or radioactive materials. A cover of 30 m (100 ft) of rock or dense earth can exert a pressure of about 690 kPa (100 Ibf in"). 

UVCEs were used in Vietnam, rather unsuccessfully, to send an overpressure into the underground tunnels. 

The scope of lAT includes premises other than traditional industrial process buildings, such as hospitals underground car parks mining, railroad, and vehicle tunnels livestock buildings and other premises and processes. 

Underground transmission lines are preferred in places where rights-of-way are severely limited because they can be placed much closer together than overhead lines. They are also favored for aesthetic reasons. They may be directly buried in the soil, buried in protective steel or plastic pipes, or placed in subterranean tunnels. The conductors are usually contained within plastic insulation encased in a thin metallic sheath. The conductors enclosed in steel pipes may be immersed in oil, which may be circulated for cooling purposes. For all types of underground lines, the capacitance is higher than for overhead lines, and the power transfer capability is usually limited by the resistive losses instead of the inductance. Wliile not exposed to environmental... 

Drift. In coal mining, an underground tunnel through stone. 

The Libiola Fe-Cu sulfide mine is located 8 km behind Sestri Levante (eastern Liguria, Italy). It was exploited from 1864 until 1962 and produced over 1Mt of Fe-Cu sulfides. The mine covers a surface area of about 4 km2 and comprises more than 30 km of underground tunnels and 3... 

In humid or wet climates, ED breaks down rapidly. It is more persistent in shaded desert areas and creates the greatest hazard in buildings and underground structures such as tunnels, caves, utility conduits, and stagnant sewer lines.1 As a form of calibration, a downwind evacuation from a 55-gallon spill should be a minimum of 1.0 mile.2 See Table 3.3 for a summary of the symptoms of exposure and potential medical treatment options. 

The long lifetimes of geotextiles are shared with a parallel application of plastics underground as impermeable linings to seal canals, reservoirs, tunnels, and, most critical of all, the storage of liquid waste. Generally made from HDPE or PVC, these polymer... 

EN 13256, Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in the construction of tunnels and underground structures, 2001. 

Leaf-cutting ants cause no direct damage to bananas, but they are a constant threat to the plantation. They build their nests in river levees and the underground tunneling renders the structure ineffective against rising water. Chlordan is an effective insecticide when all openings to the nest can be treated. 

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