Risk characteristics

The QRA project team can select the appropriate technical approach once you specify the study objectives, and together you can define the scope. A variety of modeling techniques and general data sources (discussed in Section 3.2) can be used to produce the desired results. Many computer programs are now available to aid in calculating risk estimates, and many automatically give more answers than you will need. The QRA team must take care to supply appropriate risk characteristics that satisfy your study objectives—and no more. 

Selecting an incorrect risk characteristic as a factor of merit... 

Li X, Yang L, Liu E, Xu W (2004) Research on the risk characteristics of decabrominated diphenyl ethane. Prog Saf Sci Technol, Proc Int Symp 8 2164—2166... 

Ashkenazi Jewish (both parents CJA). Ashkenazi Jews, who are defined as those bom of Jews of European origin where both parents were Ashkenazi, have hereditary disease risk characteristics different from those of other groups. Because there has been little outbreeding in the group for at least several hundred years, this group is an effective bottleneck for several characteristic genetic lesions. 

Section 7 then addresses the implications of the recommended risk-based waste classification system. By assuming key parameters (e.g., values of acceptable risk, characteristics of exposure scenarios) and applying the system to a variety of example waste streams, the question of how existing wastes would be classified in the new system is investigated. This Section also summarizes the legal and regulatory ramifications of the proposed hazardous waste classification system. 

Patients with a singie seizure and no other high-risk characteristics (i.e. 0 points) were ciassified as iow risk, those with two or three seizures, a neurological disorder or an abnormal EEG (1 point) were ciassified as medium risk, and those with > 2 points were classified as high risk, in triai patients randomized to deiayed treatment, the probabilities of a recurrent seizure were 19%, 35% and 59%, respectively, at one year, and 30%, 56% and 73%, respectively, at five years. The score was aiso used to stratify the analysis of the effect of antiepileptic treatment in the triai (patients had been randomized to immediate treatment or delayed treatment if required). There was no benefit to immediate treatment in patients at low risk of seizure recurrence, but there were potentially worthwhile benefits in those at medium and high risk. 

Table 1.2. Risk characteristics of compounds derived from environmental transformations of perchloroethylene...

Development and Registration of Pesticides With Reduced Risk Characteristics... 

To summarize, the risk characteristics, based upon these epidemiological studies include 1) Patients tak-... 

This toxicological profile is prepared in accordance with guidelines developed by ATSDR. The original guidelines were published in the Federal Register on April 17, 1987 however, this profile has specific features that are non standard, because of the broad nature of total petroleum hydrocarbons. To address special regulatory, analytical, and risk characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbons, this profile has been developed not as a comprehensive review, rather as a resource and guideline. 

To summarize, the risk characteristics, based upon these epidemiological studies include 1) Patients taking NSAiDs develop ARF 2 to 4 times more frequently than non-users 2) ARF is more common within the... 

Grobe, D., Douthitt, R. and Zepeda, L. (1999) A model of consumers risk perception toward recombinant bovine growth hormone (rhGH) the impact of risk characteristics. RiskAnalysis 19 (4), 661-673. 

There are obvious exceptions to this low risk characteristic of government bonds— Russia, Mexico, and more recently Argentina are prime examples. 

Emerging market spread volatilities are shown in Exhibit 23.10. The spread risk of Latin American obligors tend to be above average, currently largest for Argentinean and Brazilian markets that have a spread risk comparable to a B to CCC rated euro corporate. The risk of Asian issuers is on the other hand below average and comparable to the interest rate observed in developed markets. We clearly observe a wide spectrum of risk characteristics that confirms the need to build a separate factor for each market. 

The researchers of the University of Oregon, including Baruch Fischhoff, Paul Slovic and Sarah Lichtenstein recognize the importance of Chauncey Starr s works, but are aware of their inherent limits. In order to elaborate a predictive theory of risk perception, they develop the expressed preferences method. Their work, presented in How safe is safe enough , Rating the risks and Facts and fears , constitutes a radical shift in the way to approach risk perception (Fischhoff 1978, Slovic 1979, 1980). Indeed, based on questionnaires - thus on direct interaction with the public, allowed to express their preferences -, these works analyse the influence of benefits and of qualitative risk characteristics on risk perception. 

The authors proceed to an analysis of the correlation coefficients between perceived risk and several risk characteristics . This method allows them to observe that lay risk perception is systematically structured by a set of qualitative characteristics, in particular by the dreadful character of a risk, the severity of its consequences, the threat to future generations, the catastrophic potential or the iniquity of the risk distribution. 

The researchers select the technologies or activities for which they want to study risk perception and the risk characteristics that are supposed to influence risk perception - such as the volimtariness of a risk, its dreadful character, etc. The authors also have to decide the unit and the scale of all the variables the interviewees wiU have to estimate. For example, will the interviewees have to estimate the risk of an activity according to a number of deaths or according to a subjective scale such as fiwm 1 to 100 ... 

Despite these possible contexts, information retrieved from the questionnaires is treated as if all answers were given by the interviewees independently of a decision process with regard to the activity or technology at hand. This assumption can of course not be verified, and correlations between answers might reveal more a global decision with respect to an activity than actual correlations between risk characteristics in the perception process. 

Criteria Characteristics perceived as low risk Characteristics perceived as high risk... 

The various nanotechnologies encompass a wide array of activities and products without a uniform description and with different risk characteristics and... 

Enhanced protection (for higher gas risks characteristic situation... 

Concepts of work with risks—characteristics, targets and procedures... 

Risk characteristics are uncertainty, probability, the dispersion of results (adverse effects). There are two ways to define risk. The first of these combines the risk with possible distribution of results—the risk is a possible variance of the expected results. In this perspective, risk is a function of the variability of possible outcomes. A second look at risk refers to the probability of losses and their sizes. The more probable that an event causing losses occur, the greater risk is. According to this definition, the size of the risk can be defined as the frequency of obtaining undesirable results. Then you can bind the level of the risk with the sizes of possible losses. In this perspective, the greater the loss suffered may be the greater risk occurs. There is also a definition of risk as the product of the probability of occurrence of an adverse event and the size of the losses caused by event. 

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