Bottleneck effect

Slow Magnetic Relaxation and Phonon Bottleneck Effects... 

Kohki Mukai and Mitsuru Sugawara, Optical Characterization of Quantum Dots Kohki Mukai and Mitsuru Sugawara, The Photon Bottleneck Effect in Quantum Dots Hajime Shoji, Self-A.ssembled Quantum Dot Lasers Hiroshi Ishikawa, Applications of Quantum Dot to Optical Devices Mitsuru Sugawara, Kohki Mukai, Hiroshi Ishikawa, Koji Otsubo, and Yoshiaki Nakata, The Latest News... 

Figure 20 shows rLrs obtained from the data in Figs. 16 and 17. Taking the example of the resonance at v =14 GHz, B0 = 0.491 T, we obtain TLrs 0.2 (Fig. 20). As mentioned above, rs 1 s is rather large due to the phonon bottleneck effect. This allows to obtain sufficiently large values of rLr to observe significant radiation absorption even if the rate TL = 0.2. v is relatively small. Using expression (3) yield Bac 1 p.T, and similar values were obtained for all measured frequencies.

In model No. 1 only the intermolecular dividing surface is considered. Model No. 2 includes bottleneck effects in intramolecular energy transfer. 

The effective Hamiltonian approach clearly shows the important role of intramolecular energy flow in the quantum dynamics of unimolecular dissociation. It suggests that unless intramolecular energy flow is dominantly rapid, there exist two drastically different time scales in the reaction dynamics. This is consistent with the classical concept that nonstatistical behavior in intramolecular energy flow, such as bottleneck effects, can dramatically alter the kinetics of unimolecular reaction. 

For a given thermal gradient higher deposition temperatures result in a wider depositing zone. In this case the pores are very easily trapped within the composites because of the complex architecture of the preforms and a bottleneck effect for the bottle-shaped pores this produces poor infiltration for these pores. A relatively low deposition temperature and steep thermal gradient give rise to high density and uniform densification. 

QWs, the phonons are confined in the well and they exhibit slab modes (Campos et al, 1992), which enhance the hot phonon bottleneck effect. 

Mukai K. and Sngawara M. (1999), The phonon bottleneck effect in qnantnm dots , in Sngawara M., ed., Self-Assembled InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Dots, Academic Press, San Diego, p. 209. 

Only when a potential substantially larger than the deposition threshold is applied at the electrode will the deposition potential be attained on the TiOa surface or at the top of the TiOi layer, in which case a conformal coverage or top-surface deposition is obtained. Attempts to achieve void-filling coverage by electroless or purely chemical techniques have enjoyed only limited success. This is probably due to bottleneck effects in the transport path for the precursor solution as the deposition proceeds. 

Species tend to colonize new territories by dispersal of their individuals. Regardless of the way of dispersal, quite often colonization involves the establishment of a few founder individuals in new territories. The genetic constitution of one such finite founder population may not represent that of the original population, displacing the population to an unstable state in which drift plays an important role (bottleneck effect). 

The study of bottleneck effects in colonization has evolutionary implications because such effects have been advocated as of primary importance in the founder-induced speciation models (Mayr 1963). The current debate is centered between those postulating that reproductive isolation can be achieved by shifting from one adaptive peak to another overcoming a selective barrier (the Wrightian view) and those that view isolation as the result of a steady accumulation of favorable alleles (the Fisherian view). In both models selection and drift play a role, although with different intensity. Most of current controversy (see for example Caxson and Templeton, 1984 Barton 1989) derives from the dearth of study cases of founder events that have been historically reconstructed and experimentally studied. Here we present some of these cases. 

Nei M, Maruyama T, Chakraborty R (1975) The bottleneck effect and genetic variability in populations. Evolution 29 1-10... 

If we now waive the restriction that there is only one decaying state in the system, and assign a different decay rate constant d, to every grain above threshold, a rather similar solution can be found. Our original result, stated in Theorem 4 of [81.V1], took the form of a recursive relation, with one pass required for each value of d, within each such recursion, bottleneck effects similar to those of equation (8.4) can be seen. More recently, Vatsya [82.VI] has developed a much simpler algorithm, giving upper and lower bounds to yo (rather than to y p as given in [81.VI]), which takes the form... 

The only time when the calculated rate constants show any marked sensitivity to the variation of the elements of the relaxation rate matrix is when those elements happen to lie in the region of a bottleneck in the activation process [71.K1]. Thus, we might suppose, conjecturally, that marked deviations from strong collision fall-off behaviour will only occur when severe bottleneck effects are present in the activation processes. 

Ammoniated zeolites present the counter example (see Chapter 14). Large cavities are connected by short channels, the bottleneck effect of which governs the conductivity laws . The log ct/(1/T) curves are representative of a V process (Fig. I in reference 30). They do not obey an Arrhenius law. 

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