Riot control, aerosols

Because information on possible long-term effects of the other irritant chemicals used in the Edgewood tests is sparse, this chapter focuses on the effects of mustard gas and two lacrimators, CS and CN. Information on the potential long-term adverse effects of these chemicals is derived from several sources first, observation of long-term disabilities in soldiers who were exposed to a single (in most cases) toxic concentration of irritant during World War I and in persons exposed in peacetime accidents or riot-control procedures second, studies of morbidity in workers chronically exposed to chemical irritants during their manufacture and third, studies in which experimental laboratory animals were exposed to selected chemicals by topical application, injection, or aerosol inhalation. 

In 1973, Upshall4 reported tests of CS for teratogenicity in female Porton strain rats and New Zealand White rabbits. He attempted to simulate conditions that exist in riot-control situations, looking for teratogenesis and changes in numbers of offspring in response to aerosol exposure of both species. Control rats were subjected to handling stress and aerosols without CS. 

Chloroacetophenone (CN, mace, tear gas), ehlor-obenzylidene malonitrile (CS, Paralyzer , super tear gas), and oleoresin capsicum (OC, pepper-mace) are laerimators used in riot control. They are solid ehemicals administered as a fine dust or aerosol spray, and not true gases. Exposure to lacrimators causes immediate pain, blepharospasm, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, coughing, and sneezing but usually... 

Mace [Mace]. ( Chemical Mace ). TM for a riot-control gas dispersed as an aerosol. 

Conventional animal developmental studies in rats and rabbits exposed to CS aerosols at a concentration of around 10 mg m-3 for 5 min have shown that CS is not embryotoxic and teratogenic in rats and rabbits (Upshall, 1973). However, the exposure conditions, meant to simulate riot control situations, do not allow for definitive... 

Gutentag PL, Hart J, Owens EJ et al. (1960). The evaluation of CS aerosols as a riot control agent. US Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories Technical Report, CWLR 2365. Bethesda, MD, USA Army Chemical Center. 

Gutentag, P.J., Hart, J., Owens, E.J., and Punte, C.L., The evaluation of CS aerosol as a riot control agent in man. Technical Report CWLR 2365, April 1960, U.S. Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, 1960. 

OTHER COMMENTS used primarily as a tear-gas and riot control agent can be disseminated in burning grenades and weapon-fired projectiles, as an aerosol form the finely divided solid chemical, or from a solution of the chemical dissolved in acetone or methylene chlo-nde. 

The first and only incapacitating agent (excluding riot control agents) standardized by the army completed development in 1962. Designated BZ, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate was a solid but was disseminated as an aerosol. The major problem with the agent for military purposes was its prolonged time of onset of symptoms. The estimate was 2 to 3 hours... 

Products and Uses A spray and aerosol tear gas used as a riot control agent and in self-defense products. 

Gas neutralizer — A product used in riot control operations to neutralize the effect of tear gases. It is usually packaged as an aerosol spray and issued to police personnel. 

Dinitrile 88 was eventually named for the men who surely suffered in its discovery, and was called CS gas after the initials of their last names. CS gas (which is not a gas but rather an aerosol) has gained widespread use as a tear gas and riot control agent. 

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