Interactions between rubber

The interaction between rubber and liquids. IX. The elastic behaviour of dry and swollen rubbers. Trans. Faraday Soc. 42, 585 (1946). 

It is concluded that IR spectroscopy provides information on qualitative as well quantitative analyses of rubbery materials, apart from their microstructures (that is, whether cis or trans, syndiotactic, atactic or isotactic). Different types of rubber blends (compatibilised or self-crosslinked) can be identified by the infrared spectroscopy. Synthesis, and degradation of polymers can also be followed by IR spectra. Mechanism of interaction between rubbers and fillers, can also be studied by IR-spectra. Different types of chemical reactions like the milling behaviour of rubbers, mechanism of adhesion and degradation can also be studied with the help of IR spectroscopy. The technique plays a great role in the product analysis under reverse engineering. 

A filler can offer small particle size and high surface area but still provide relatively poor reinforcement if it has low specific surface activity. Filler which has chemically active surface that formed by various chemical groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, quinone, phenol and lactone groups provides good interaction between rubber and filler generally is related to the formation of strong covalent bonding. The physical surface such as porosity will increase the surface activities. ... 

The behavior of different grades in rubber is dominated mainly by surface area, structure (DBPA), and surface activity. All these parameters play a role in rubber reinforcement through different mechanisms, such as interfacial interaction between rubber and carbon black, occlusion of the polymer in the internal voids of the aggregate, and the agglomeration of carbon black aggregates in the polymer matrix. 

One of the consequences of the incorporation of carbon blacks into a polymer is the creation of an interface between a rigid solid phase and a soft elastomer phase. For rubber-grade carbon blacks, whose surfaces exhibit very little porosity, the total area of the interface depends on both filler loading and the specific surface area of the filler. Owing to the interaction between rubber and filler, two phenomena are well documented the formation of boimd rubber and a rubber shell on the carbon black surface. Both are related to the restriction of the segmental movement of polymer molecules. 

The influence of the structme of the elastomer on reinforcement is linked with the effects of localization of stresses, because the stress, occmring on the smface of the filler particles, is a fiinction of the elastic properties of the material. This explains the fact that for an equal nrunber of polymer-filler bonds and crosslinks, the reinforcement effects are still different for different rubbers. The predominance of physical interactions between rubber and black corresponds well with the mechanism of equahzing of the stresses on stretching. Stronger in-... 

However, the growth of bound rubber onto the surface of fillers must also be accounted for, because it is an important part of the dispersion mechanism. The mechanism of growth of the bound rubber concerns molecular interaction between rubber and filler surface this is a nano-scale phenomenon. 

The ineorporation of a few weight pereent of modified layered silieates whieh are properly dispersed in the mbber matrix ean result in very high surface areas for rubber-elay interactions, as compared to the conventional rubber-filler composites. According to the strength of the interfacial interactions between rubber matrix and layered silicate four type of rubber-clay composites can be produced ... 

Interactions between rubber segments and carbon black surface according to Maier and Gbritz. 

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