Retroviral

Amino-3 -deoxyadenosine. 3 -Amino-3 -deoxyadenosine (17) is elaborated by Cordyceps militarise Aspergillus nidulanSe and Helminthosporium (3,4). The biosynthesis proceeds direcdy from adenosine. Compound (17) inhibits RNA polymerase, but not DNA polymerase, and replaces the adenosyl residue at the 3 -terminus of tRNA. Phenylalanyl-(3 -amino-3 -deoxyadenosyl)-tRNA has acceptor but not donor activity (31,32). Compound (17) also inhibits retroviral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (33). 

Gene therapy uses cloned DNA in adeno or retroviral vectors to transduce host cells for longterm therapy of certain genetic disorders with defined... 

The development of leukemia in patients receiving retrovirally transduced cells, clearly underlines that insertional mutagenesis is a major concern for integrating vectors. 

A nuclear receptor that is a key transcription factor in adipocytes. It plays a critical role in the control of adipocyte differentiation and is involved in the regulation of the expression of specific adipokines, including leptin and adiponectin. It has anti-inflammatory actions and is the target of the thiazolidinedione drugs. The preintegration complex is a complex of retroviral DNA and proteins that translocates from the cytosol into the nucleus prior to integration. Gene Therapy... 

D F Retrovir (Glaxo Wellcome GB 1987) Retrovir (Glaxo Wellcome) J Retrovir (Glaxo Wellcome 1987) Retrovir (Wellcome 1987) USA Retrovir (Glaxo Wellcome 1987)... 

Gripon P, Cannie I, Urban S (2005). EfScient inhibition of hepatitis B virus infection by acylated peptides derived from the large viral surface protein. J Virol 79 1613-1622 Harris RS, Liddament MT (2004) Retroviral restriction by APOBEC proteins. Nat Rev Immunol 4 868-877... 

Mflnch J, Standker L, Adermann K, Schulz A, Schindler M, Chinnadurai R, Pdhlmann S, Chaipan C, Biet T, Peters T et al. (2007) Discovery and optimization of a natural HIV-1 entry inhibitor targeting the gp41 fusion peptide. Cell 129 263-275 Nisole S, Stoye JP, Saib A (2005). TRIM family proteins retroviral restriction and antiviral defence. Nat Rev Microbiol 3 799-808... 

The HIV-1 protease, like other retroviral proteases, is a homodimeric aspartyl protease (see Fig. 1). The active site is formed at the dimer interface, with the two aspartic acids located at the base of the active site. The enzymatic mechanism is thought to be a classic acid-base catalysis involving a water molecule and what is called a push-pull mechanism. The water molecule is thought to transfer a proton to the dyad of the carboxyl groups of the aspartic acids, and then a proton from the dyad is transferred to the peptide bond that is being cleaved. In this mechanism, a tetrahedral intermediate transiently exists, which is nonconvalent and which is mimicked in most of the currently used FDA approved inhibitors. 

HAART Highly active anti-retroviral therapy... 

Lee LM, Karon JM, Selik R, Neal JJ, Fleming PL (2001) Survival after AIDS diagnosis in adolescents and adults during the treatment era, United States, 1994-1997. JAMA 285 1308-1315 Li L, Olvera JM, Yoder KE, Mitchell RS, Butler SL, Lieber M, Martin SL, Bushman FD (2001) Role of the non-homologous DNA end joining pathway in the early steps of retroviral infection. EMBO J 20 3272-3281... 

Nishitsuji H, Kohara M, Kannagi M, Masuda T (2006) Effective suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 through a combination of short- or long-hairpin RNAs targeting essential sequences for retroviral integration, J Virol 80 7658-7666 Novina CD, Murray ME, Dykxhoorn DM, Beresford PJ, Riess J, Lee SK, Collman RG, Lieberman J, Shankar P, Sharp PA (2002) siRNA-directed inhibition of HlV-1 infection, Nat Med 8 681-686... 

---