Retinoic acid response elements

Rastinejad, R, Wagner, T., Zhao, Q. and Khorasanizadeh, S. (2000). Structure of the RXR-RAR DNA-binding complex on the retinoic acid response element DRl. EMBO J. 19, 1045-1054. 

The form of vitamin A that is needed for regulating vitamin A-dependent gene expression is retinoic acid.All-fraws-retinoic acid can interact with each of the three RARs (RARa, RAR(3, and RARy) and each of the three RXRs (RXRa, RXR(3, and RXRy). 9-cX-Retinoic acid binds and effectively transactivates only the RXRs. The RARs and the RXRs recognize well-defined exacting response elements, termed retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) and retinoid X response elements (RXREs) that are present in the promoter regions of responsive genes. The RARs and RXRs bind to RAREs and/or RXREs as dimers, either homodimers or heterodimers. 

Baes M, Gulick T, Choi HS, et al. A new orphan member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that interacts with a subset of retinoic acid response elements. Mol Cell Biol 1994 14 1544-51. 

Packer A. L, Crotty D. A., Etwell V. A. and Wolgemuth D. J. (1998). Expression of the murine Hoxa4 gene requires both autoregulation and a conserved retinoic acid response element. Development. 125, pp 1991-1998. 

RAR-RXR heterodimer or RXR-RXR homodimer), the activated receptors bind with high affinity to the specific DNA retinoic acid response element (RARE) and effect mRNA transcription. Ultimately, the retinoid response is mediated by primary target genes, by interference with othertranscription factors or by control of certain posttranscriptional actions. 

These receptors, as heterodimers (RAR-RXR) or homodimers (RXR-RXR), function as RA-inducible transcriptional regulatory proteins by binding to DNA regions called retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) or retinoid X response elements (RXREs) located within the promoter of target genes. RAREs consist of direct repeats of the consensus half-site sequence AGGTCA separated most... 

Dupe, V., Davenne, M., Brocard, J., Dolle, P., Mark, M., Dierich, A., Chambon, P., Rijli, F.M. 1997. In vivo functional analysis of the Hoxa-1 3 retinoic acid response element (3 RARE). Development 124, 399-410. 

Huang, D., Chen, S.W., Langston, A.W., Gudas, L J. 1998. A conserved retinoic acid responsive element in the murine Hoxb-1 gene is required for expression in the developing gut. Development 125, 3235-3246. 

Marshall, H., Studer, M., Popperl, H., Aparicio, S., Kuroiwa, A., Brenner, S., Krumlauf, R. 1994. A conserved retinoic acid response element required for early expression of the homeobox gene Hoxb-1. Nature 370, 567-571. 

Popperl, H., Featherstone, M.S. 1993. Identification of a retinoic acid response element upstream of the murine Hox-4.2 gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 257-265. 

Zhang, F., Nagy, K.E., Featherstone, M.S. 2000. Murine hoxd4 expression in the CNS requires multiple elements including a retinoic acid response element. Mech. Dev. 96, 79-89. 

Rossant, J., Zirngibl, R., Cado, D., Shago, M., Goguere, V. 1991. Expression of retinoic acid response element-hsp lacZ transgene defines specific domains of transcriptional activity during mouse embryogenesis. Genes Dev. 5, 1333-1344. 

Homeobox-containing genes Levo thyroxine Messenger ribonucleic acid Polymerase chain reaction Retinoic acid Retinoic acid receptor Retinoic acid response elements Reverse triiodothyronine 3,3 -L-diiodothyronine Triiodothyronine... 

Huang C, Ma WY, Dawson MI, Rincon M, Flavell RA, Dong Z. Blocking activator protein-1 activity, bnt not activating retinoic acid response element, is reqnired for the antitumor promotion effect of retinoic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997 94 5826-5830. 

Gene regulation and retinoic acid responsive elements (RAREs) 38... 

Abbreviations used in this review APL, acute promyelocytic leukaemia CEF, chick embryo fibroblasts CRABP, cellular retinoic acid-binding protein ODC, ornithine decarboxylase RA, retinoic acid RARE, retinoic acid responsive element RAR, retinoic acid receptor RXR, retinoid X receptor TEMPO, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine Y-oxide TOC, tracheal organ culture TPA, 12-<2-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate TTNN, 6-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthyl)-2-naphthanoic acid TTNPB, 4-((.Q-2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2- naphthyl)propenyl)benzoic acid. 

GENE REGULATION AND RETINOIC ACID RESPONSE ELEMENTS... 

---