Transgenes, defined

Rossant, J., Zirngibl, R., Cado, D., Shago, M., Goguere, V. 1991. Expression of retinoic acid response element-hsp lacZ transgene defines specific domains of transcriptional activity during mouse embryogenesis. Genes Dev. 5, 1333-1344. 

Besides this purported action on DAT, amphetamine has also been suggested to act upon the vesicular transporter as well. Pifl et al.87 examined COS cells transfected with cDNA for either DAT or the vesicular transporter, or both. A marked increase in DA release was noted in cells that expressed both DAT and the vesicular transporter when compared to the release from cells that express only DAT or the vesicular transporter. The mechanism of action for amphetamine was further defined with the work of Giros et al.59 In transgenic mice lacking the DAT, amphetamine did not produce hyperlocomotion or release DA. 

A novel thiophene-based molecular scaffold that could be used for optical in vivo imaging of protein aggregates was recently reported by Aslund et al. [36]. This chemically defined anionic pentameric thiophene derivative, p-FTAA (Fig. 21a), could be utilized for direct in vivo detection of A [S deposit in the brain of a transgenic mouse model with AD pathology. The deposits were easily visualized by two-photon... 

The role of the steroid hormone receptors has extensively been defined with the help of natural and synthetic agonists and antagonists and with characterisation of transgenic and knock-out mice. In experimental studies, both approaches have been useful tools for validating that a physiological process is indeed mediated by the steroid hormone receptor imder investigation. 

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