Respiratory system compliance

Rabbette PS, Fletcher ME, Dezateux CA, Soriano-Brucher H, Stocks J. The Her-ing-Breuer reflex and respiratory system compliance in the first year of life a longitudinal study. J Appl Physiol 1994 76 650-656. 

Sivakumar D, Bosque E, Goldman SL. Bronchodilator delivered by metered dose inhaler and spacer improves respiratory system compliance more than nebulizer-delivered bronchodilator in ventilated premature infants. Pediatr Puhnonol 1999 27 208-212. 

Lung inflation occurs when pressure and flow, applied at the airway opening, interact with the respiratory system compliance—lung and chest wall, and airway resistance—to effect gas flow (7,8). The interactions of pressure, flow, and volume can he expressed by the simplified equation of motion ... 

Because a filter sample includes particles both larger and smaller than those retained in the human respiratory system (see Chapter 7, Section III), other types of samplers are used which allow measurement of the size ranges of particles retained in the respiratory system. Some of these are called dichotomous samplers because they allow separate measurement of the respirable and nonrespirable fractions of the total. Size-selective samplers rely on impactors, miniature cyclones, and other means. The United States has selected the size fraction below an aerodynamic diameter of 10 /xm (PMiq) for compliance with the air quality standard for airborne particulate matter. 

Respiratory System. Tidal volume, bronchial resistance, compliance, pulmonary arterial pressure, blood gases. 

The work of breathing can be calculated with a suitable model of the respiratory system. Resistance, compliance, and inertance are all present. Thus, the pressure that must be developed by the respiratory muscles is (Johnson, 1993)... 

The respiratory system exhibits properties of resistance, compliance, and inertance analogous to the electrical properties of resistance, capacitance, and inductance. Of these, inertance is generally considered to be of less importance than the other two properties. 

During spontaneous breathing the inspiratory muscles must generate sufficient force to overcome the elastic and resistive load of the respiratory system. The pressure developed by the inspiratory muscles per breath (Pi) is increased if the elastic (decreased compliance of the lungs or the chest wall) or resistive (airway obstruction) load is increased. Furthermore, in patients with hyperinflation of the chest wall (see below), a substantial effort must be... 

Although the ventilator can supply positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), it can also develop within the alveoli because of either inadequate expiratory time or collapsed airways during expiration (or both). Often called intrinsic PEEP or air trapping, it depends on three factors minute ventilation, the expiratory time fraction, and the respiratory systems expiratory time constant (the product of resistance and compliance) (9). As minute ventilation increases, the expiratory time fiaction decreases, and the time constant lengthens, the potential for intrinsic PEEP to develop increases (9). 

Jones AYM, Hutchinson RC, Oh TE. Effects of bagging and percussion on total static compliance of the respiratory system. Physiotherapy 1992 78 661-666. 

Heterogeneous catalysts are often located at the top of a reactor and manipulated with temporary handling equipment. To avoid exposure to toxic dust, local ventilation should be installed if this is impracticable, scrupulous use of personal protective equipment and rigid compliance with systems-of-work are essential. Respiratory equipment may include self-contained or line-fed breathing apparatus. 

The following sections provide examples of approaches to assess drug effects on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and central nervous systems in compliance with the current and emerging regulatory guidance documents.25,42 45 60... 

Inhalation Rapid onset direct application for respiratory disorders large surface area for systemic absorption Chance of tissue irritation patient compliance sometimes a problem General anesthetics antiasthmatic agents... 

Marsden R, Dood ME, Conway S, Weller PH. Comparison of compliance in cystic fibrosis patients using Halolite Adaptive Aerosol Delivery (AAD) system with conventional high-output nebuhzer system. In Respiratory Dmg Delivery V Dalby RN, Byron PR, Farr SJ, eds. Interpharm Press Phoenix, AZ, 2002 557-560. 

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