Respiratory system carcinogens

Much of the research into cancer of the respiratory system has been devoted to identifying lung carcinogens. Several chemical mixtures are known to increase lung cancer risk. These include tobacco smoke, which contain PAHs and cadmium, known as carcinogens other mixtures containing PAHs commercial oils and mixtures of chemicals and radiation [108]. Illustrative examples of respiratory system carcinogenic chemical mixtures are as follows. 

If tlie pollutant causes iui acute non carcinogenic risk, tlie inaximuin one hour concentration is used for C, and tlie acute reference exposure limit is used for tlie REL. Likewise, if tlie pollutant causes a clironic non carcinogenic risk, tlie one year average concentration is used, as is tlie clironic reference exposure limit. In tliis procedure, a Iiazard index is calculated for each pollutant separately, and tlien tlie indices are summed for each toxicological endpoint (i.e., tlie respiratory system, tlie central nervous system, etc.). Finally, tlie total hazard index is tlien compared to a value wliich is considered significant. 

Approximately 30 y after exposure, there were no significant increases in mortality from overall cancer or cancers at specific anatomical sites, in diseases of the respiratory system, or in overall mortality noted in this cohort. However, the exposure period covered by the study was short, the exposed groups were small, and the exposure levels were not well documented. Consequently, evidence presented in this study is inadequate to assess the carcinogenicity of phosgene. 

Formaldehyde (also a VOC) ETS building materials and fabrics cleaning fluids and adhesives. irritation to eye. nose and respiratory system allergy, carcinogenic. 

Toxicology. Pentachlorophenol has been reported to have adverse effects on the skin, eyes, respiratory system, nervous system, hematopoietic system, kidney, and liver at high doses it is fetotoxic to rats and it is carcinogenic to mice. 

Toxicology. Vinyl cyclohexene dioxide (VCD) is an irritant to die skin, eyes, and respiratory system. It is ovotoxic and carcinogenic in experimental animals. 

More qualitative indicators are also useful absorption through healthy skin, irritation to skin, eyes, and respiratory system, together with sensitization with the following indicators carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, reprotoxic, and so on. These properties can be summarized by indication of a toxicity class. 

Used when the chemical(s) have been identified and have high level of hazards to respiratory system, skin, and eyes substances are present with known or suspected skin toxicity or carcinogenity operations must be conducted in confined or poorly ventilated areas... 

The vapor irritates the respiratory system and eyes. Liquid irritates the eyes and skin. Swallowing or skin absorption results in nausea, vomiting, and liver and kidney damage.3 Avoid breathing vapor. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.3 Animal carcinogen reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.4 TLV, no exposure permitted.5... 

The vapor irritates the eyes and respiratory system and may cause headache and nausea high concentrations may result in cyanosis and unconsciousness.2 Harmful if swallowed or absorbed through the skin.7 TLV-TWA 50 ppm, 174 mg/m3. Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.8... 

One of the most common airborne suspensions known to affect the respiratory system adversely is tobacco smoke. The chemicals in tobacco smoke include a number of carcinogens, including nicotine and some of its derivatives, as well as poisonous gases including carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. 

Studies of chromate production workers, who are exposed to a variety of chromium compounds both hexavalent and trivalent, and chromate pigment industries, where exposure is mainly to chromium(VI), have consistently demonstrated an association with respiratory system cancer. Studies in chrome platers, who are exposed to chromium(VI) and other agents, including nickel, generally support the conclusion that certain chromium(VI) compounds are carcinogenic. Studies in stainless steel welders exposed to chromium(VI) and other chemicals, and in ferrochromium alloy workers, who are exposed mainly to chromium(O) and chromium(III), but also to some chromium(VI), were inconclusive. Studies in leather tanners, who are exposed to chromium(III), were consistently negative. 

Information regarding levels of chromium(III) compounds that result in death is available only for the oral route. Systemic effects of acute- and intermediate-duration inhalation exposure to chromium(III) are limited to the respiratory system. Information on systemic effects of chronic inhalation exposure to chromium(III) is limited to a study that used a mixture of chromium(VI) and chromium(III). Studies of intermediate- and chronic duration oral exposure to chromium(III) failed to find any systemic, neurological, developmental, reproductive, or carcinogenic effects. The immunological and genotoxic effects of chromium(III) in animals have not been tested by the oral route. Information regarding effects of dermal exposure of animals to chromium(III) is limited to a study of skin ulceration after acute exposure and dermal sensitization tests. 

SAFETY PROFILE Confirmed carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data by skin contact. Human systemic effects by inhalation unspecified effects on olfaction and respiratory systems. Corrosive effects on the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes by inhalation. Flammable when exposed to heat or flame. Will react with water or steam to produce heat and toxic and corrosive fumes. Violent or explosive reaction with dimethyl sulfoxide, and aluminum chloride + naphthalene. To fight fire, use alcohol foam, CO2, dry chemical. Incompatible with dimethyl sulfoxide, (NaNs + KOH), water, steam, and oxidizers. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of CT, See also CHLORIDES and ALDEHYDES. 

ACGIH TLV CL 0.05 ppm (skin) Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion, intraperitoneal, and intravenous routes. Moderately toxic by inhalation. Human systemic effects by inhalation conjunctiva irritation, cough, and unspecified respiratory system effects. A human skin and eye irritant. Human exposure data suggest relatively low systemic toxicity, but intense irritation of eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Mutation data reported. A tear gas used for riot control. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of cr, NOx, and CN". See also NITRILES. 

SAFETY PROFILE Suspected carcinogen. Moderately toxic by ingestion, inhalation, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. A skin and severe eye irritant. Human systemic effects by inhalation changes in the sense of smell, conjunctiva irritation, and unspecified respiratory system changes. Human irritant by inhalation. Mild narcotic properties have also been ascribed to it. Human mutation data reported. Experimental reproductive effects. Flammable liquid when exposed to heat or flame can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. Slight explosion hazard in its vapor form, when exposed to flame. 

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