Resonant soft X-ray scattering

Virgin, J.M., Tao, Y., Kortright, J.B., Balsara, N.P., Segalman, R.A. Analysis of order formation in block copolymer thin films using resonant soft x-ray scattering. Macromolecules 40, 2092 (2007)... 

Figure 14.8 Resonant soft X-ray scattering profiles of PFB F8BT blends (a) and the corresponding pair distribution function (b).(Reprinted with permission from Ref [5]. Copyright 2010, American Chemical Society.)...

Swaraj, S., Wang, C., Yan, FI., Watts, B., Luning, J., McNeill, C.R., and Ade, H. (2010) Nanomorphology of bulk heterojunction photovoltaic thin films probed with resonant soft X-ray scattering. Nano Lett., 10, 2863-2869. 

Araki et al. [38] studied the feasibility of applying resonant soft X-ray scattering to chemically heterogeneous soft condensed matter nanomaterials. Two structured styrene-acrylic emulsion polymer particles with average particle diameters close to 230 nm were examined. This technique can be used to obtain the effective radii corresponding to the two polymer phases within the latex particles, and it can serve as a powerful complementary tool to neutron and hard X-ray scattering techniques for the characterization of structured soft condensed matter nanomaterials. 

Araki T, Ade H, Stubbs JM, Sundberg DC, Mitchell GE (2006) Resonant soft x-ray scattering from structured polymer nanoparticles. App Phys Lett 89 124106... 

Scheme 9.1 Methods in morphology characterization. TEM transmission electron microscopy EF-TEM energy filter transmission electron microscopy STXM scan transmission X-ray microscopy GISAXS grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering SANS small-angle neutron scattering RSoXS resonant soft X-ray scattering SEM scanning electron microscopy DSIMS dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy XR X-ray reflectivity NR neutron reflectivity VASE variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry.

A simple cell for liquids is schematically shown in Figure 5.4, developed by Guo et al. [11]. This liquid cell consists of a metal container, an O-ring, and a 100-nm-thin SijN membrane (1x1 mm size). Liquid samples are sealed inside the metal container with O ring and the SijN membrane. The cell is then transferred into the UHV chamber at the beam line to allow access to soft X-rays. The SijN membrane enables photon-in and photon-out so that the absorption signal is measured with fluorescence yield. This also permits X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) [1], which are not discussed here. 

This design is shown in Fig. (8). It has come up with the forthcoming use of resonant scattering in the soft X-ray region At wavelengths longer than 2 A the maximum reflectivity more and more falls below 100% reflectivity. With Ge(lll) at a wavelength of 6 A the reflectivity reaches no more than 15 % A double monochromator would transmit at most 0.15 0,15 = 2.5% of the incident radiation. The use of only one crystal monochromator minimizes this loss. The price to be paid is the vertical rotation of the diffractometer around the monochromator axis. 

Fig. 8. The planned instrument for resonance scattering in the normal and soft X-ray spectrum of synchrotron radiation. It is presently under construction and will be installed at the beam line A1 of HASYLAB. The beam path is kept constant till the crystal monochromator. The camera is rotated by 2 0 in the vertical plane in order to follow the 0 movement of the monochromator crystal, during an energy scan. The camera is evacuated. There is only a very thin window between the second mirror and the monochromator...

Surface resonance Raman spectroscopy Surface Raman spectroscopy specular reflectance speetroscopy Scanning tunneling microscope Sinface-unenhanced Raman spectroscopy Soft X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy Soft X-ray emission spectroscopy Thermodesorption mass spectroscopy Thermal energy atom scattering Third harmonic generation Thin layer cell... 

In resonance Raman spectroscopy, if the incident radiation is near a UV-vis absorption feature of the metal ion, the Raman scattering involving bonds in the immediate vicinity of the metal is greatly enhanced. This selectivity for the active site region is very useful in bioinorganic studies because the key absorptions are not buried under the multitude of absorptions from the rest of the protein. For iron proteins, Mossbauer measurements can help determine oxidation state and help distinguish 4- from 5- and 6-coordinate metals and hard from soft ligand environments. Computational data can assist the interpretation of both Mossbauer and X-ray spectroscopic data. 

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