Transferable resistance

Transduction and transformation are generally limited to the same or related speeies and are therefore not effective as a means of antibiotie resistance transfer across species boundaries. However, our knowledge of transformation in nature is limited, and the significance of this meehanism of gene transfer is unknown. 

R Fikn resistance, transfer resistance, for indexed phase Fig. 5.1, Eq. (5.64)... 

The committee recommended a comparison of subtherapeutic with therapeutic use of antibiotics on the prevalence of resistant transfer factors in meat animals. Also recommended was a study comparing the enteric flora of vegetarians and meat-eaters. A third study would involve workers in abattoirs and their contacts. These studies are in progress under the direction of Dr. Edward Kass at Harvard University and investigators at the Loma Linda Medical School. The committee also recommended further research on the mechanisms of the antibiotic growth effect. The report (7) said there is little indication that sale of antibiotics, including penicillin and tetracyclines, for feed and veterinary use, "has decreased as a result of the Swann Report."... 

A transferred arc uses the heated waste as reactor material. Electricity flows from a rear electrode through the wastes and out to a ground. Heating occurs in the wastes by convection, radiation, and electrical resistance. Transferred arcs require starter material or some other means to allow for materials to melt so the electric arc can be initiated (D11008N, p. 3-7). 

Because of concern about resistance transfer, however, there is a growing attempt to supplant these drugs with new compounds, such as the sulfur-containing peptide antibiotic... 

For the calculation of membrane phenomena as diffusion through membranes, membrane potentials, electrical resistance, transference numbers during electrodialysis, concentration profiles in the membrane under different circumstances, the flux equations have to be solved with the appropriate boundary-conditions. 

Allen S.J., Brown P., Mcl y G. and Flynn O., An evaluation of single resistance transfer models in the sorption of metal ions by peat. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 54 (1992) pp. 271-276. 

Extrachromosomally mediated streptomycin resistance has been reported by many workers (see p. 386). Pseudomonas strains transferring streptomycin resistance transferred to the recipient strain the ability to produce phosphorylating enzyme [210]. 

Although lithium cuprates bearing two alkynic ligands notoriously resist transfer of this group, when admixed with an equal amount of the lithium alkynide (i.e. 3RC CLi Cul) exclusive 1,2-addition occurs with cyclic enones. While prior efforts to effect this chemistry in strictly ethereal solvents (diox-ane) have been unsuccessful, use of HMPA (- 20%) as cosolvent now leads to efficient couplings in these cases. The initial products may be isolated as such, or oxidatively worked up to provide, in the case of (73), the rearranged material (74 Scheme 11). 

Resistance to the new 4-quinolones is not a significant problem so far. Spontaneous resistance occurs in less than 10u colony-forming units. Bacterial resistance to ND in bacterial chromosomes arise by two mechanisms. One is the result of mutation of the A subunit of DNA-gyrase (see later), which causes a high level of resistance the other involves membrane alteration at the B subunit, which causes low-level resistance. The feared plasmid-mediated resistance (transfer of resistance) often seen with other antibiotics has not been encountered so far. Thus the only route for development of resistance in these drugs is by mutation. 

Increased awareness from consumers and producers has resulted in calls for more responsible and sustainable aquaculture. Public opinion and regulation authorities in most export countries focus now on the misuse of antibiotics in aquaculture, and public attention has focussed on alternative production methods (Verbeeke, 2001 Feedinfo, 2005). Furthermore, the EU has banned all antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) from livestock production since January 2006, as the use of low level AGPs in animal feeds carries the possibility of resistance transfer from the bacterial community to species that are pathogenic in humans (Liem, 2004). 

Cylinder loading n. Fibers imbedded so deeply in the wire clothing on a card cylinder that they resist transfer to the doffer cylinder according to the normal fiber path through the card. Causes include improper finish, excess moisture, or static on the fiber. The fiber builds up to such an extent that the carding operation is adversely affected. In extreme cases, the card will be slowed or stopped. 

Resistance transfer factor (RTF) A component of a resistance plasmid that implements transfer by conjugation of the plasmid. 

AUen, S. J., P. Brown, G. McKay, and O. J. Flynn. 1992. An Evaluation of Single Resistance Transfer Models in the Sorption of Metkl Ions by Peat, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, vol. 54, pp. 271-276. 

Plasmids are episomes which never become part of the host chromosome rather, they become a self-replicating unit. Plasmids are responsible for the synthesis of resistance transfer factors (RTF). 

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