Resins mastic resin

Figures 3.4 3.6 report the average mass spectra obtained, respectively, for frankincense resin, mastic resin and birch bark tar [16]. Moreover, in each spectrum the main ion and ion radical fragments are assigned, and for each material the main molecular markers are shown.

Fats, oils, beeswax, bitumen, coniferous resin, mastic resin [54,56]... 

Msstix, m. mastic (the resin), gum mastic, -braontwein, m. mastic (the liquor), -firnis, m. mastic varnish, -harz, n. mastic (resin). -Idtt, m. mastic (cement), -lack, m. mastic varnish, -losimg,/. mastic solution, mastizieren, v.t. masticate. 

Natural resins Pine resins, sandarac, copals, mastic, dammar, amber, frankincense, benzoe, styrax, myrrh, (plant resins) shellac (animal resin) tar and pitch (from thermal treatment of plant resins or wood) Varnishes, coatings, waterproofing materials, paint binders, ingredients of cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations... 

Moronic, isomasticadienonic and masticadienonic acids are considered as characteristic and diagnostic molecules for assessing the presence of mastic resin in ancient samples [2,88,94,123,124],... 

Dammar resin was introduced into Europe in the nineteenth century, mainly as a paint varnish It is still used today since it has good optical properties and low acidity. It is derived from various species (the genus Hopea and Shorea of the Dipterocarpaceae family). It is characterised by tetracyclic triterpenoids of the dammarane series and contains minor amounts of pentacyclic triterpenoids of the series of olanane, ursane and hopane. It also contains a polymeric fraction named polycadinene or [S-resene. Dammar resin triterpenoids undergo oxidation with ageing, as described for the components of mastic resin. 

K.J. van der Berg, J. ven der Horst, J.J. Boon, 0.0. Sudmeijer, Cis 1,4 poly P myrcene the structure of the polymeric fraction of mastic resin (Pistacia lentiscus) elucidated, Tetrahedron... 

Figure 3.5 Mass spectrum of mastic resin obtained by DE MS...

The first two PCs account for 85% of the total variance of the data set. The PCA highlights that the sample is placed in the area of the mastic resin cluster. This confirmed the hypothesis made on the basis of a qualitative examination of the mass spectra, even though the sample is clearly shifted at lower values of PC2 with respect to the centroid of the mastic cluster. This was attributed to the presence of other substances mixed with the resin, and/or to a different quantitative distribution of the triterpenoids present in the censer with respect to the reference raw mastic resin. 

Figure 3.16 PCA scatter plot of mass spectral data recorded by DE MS for mastic resin, frankincense resin, birch bark pitch and organic residue recovered from the ceramic censer from Antinoe (Egypt)...

Despite the complexity of the chemical composition of the resinous materials, in a few minutes such techniques provide a mass spectral fingerprint, which highlights the compounds that are the main components in the sample. They avoid any sampling treatment before analysis. They have thus enabled diterpenoid resinous materials from Coniferae, and several triterpenoid materials to be clearly identified. In particular, the DE-MS technique is able to distinguish between different triterpenoid materials such as mastic resin, frankincense resin and birch bark tar. In fact, using PCA on DE-MS mass... 

Table 5.2 Components of fresh mastic resin, as reported in the literature [34], with corresponding m/z values of the sodium adducts (see Figure 5.7b)...

Peak no. Compound Rla Olibanum Myrrh Galba num Labda num Mastic Resin of Pinus pinea Pine pitch Pitch from Fayoum Sample 1485 Sample 1627 Sample 1625... 

Labda Mastic Resin Pine Pitch Sample Sample Sample... 

Figure 12.4 THM GC/MS curve of mastic resin. Peak assignments 1, nor f3 amyrone 2, (8R) 3 oxo hydroxypolipoda 13E,17E,21 triene 3, nor 28 olean 18 en 3 one 4, moronic acid methyl ester 5, oleanonic acid methyl ester 6, oleanonic aldehyde 7,8, (iso)masticadienonic acid methyl ester...

Its only use in the arts, says Ure, is in the formation of a cement for joining broken china and glass, and which is prepared as followsTake isinglass, one ounce distilled water, six ounces boil these together down to three ounces add half that quantity of strong alcohol, seethe the mixture for. two or tliree minutes, and then strain it next add, while hot, first, half an ounce of milky emulsion of ammoniacum, and then five drachms of an alcoholic solution of resin mastic. This resembles an article sold as diamond oement. 

The resinous mastics have opened, through the medium of thickness of application... 

The resinous mastics have also shown their superior characteristics against various finishes in shock resistance under extremely rapid changes in temperature, such as -60 to 4123 F. 

Diamyl oxalate is a colorless, oily liquid miscible with mast lacquer solvents, oils and hydrocarbons. It is a solvent far ester gum, copal ester, "Cumor" resins, alkyd resins, mastic, nitrocellulase and shellac. It is used as a plasticizer and in paint and varnish removers. Like other oxalates, it has a tendency to hydrolyze. 

The assessment of the origin of terpenic resins by GC7MS is generally based on the qualitative recognition of specific molecular biomarkers that are normally specific for the genus [1,2,8,27,81-86]. Figures 36.8-36.10 illustrate the mass spectra of several biomarkers of mastic resin, frankincence resin, and birch bark tar, respectively. The GC/MS analysis of di- and triterpenoids requires the extraction and derivatization of... 

The botanical species exploited in the past for the collection of resins vary according to the geographical area, and thus, the availability of adequate reference materials of a known botanical origin is crucial for resin identification. Pine resin and resin-derived pitch, mastic, frankincense, myrrh, benzoe, and birch bark tar are the most common terpenoid materials in archaeological artifacts from the Mediterranean area. Terpenic resin composition depends on aging and exposure to air and light, so the biomarkers used for their identification are... 

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