Residual waste

Of course, several of these pollution-prevention elements are used by industiy in combination to achieve the greatest waste reduction. Residual wastes that cannot be prevented or otherwise managed are then disposed of only as a last resort. 

Grimme, S. J., and J. E. Erb, Solidification of Residual Waste Pits as an Alternative Disposal Practice in Pennsylvania, Proceeding from the First International Symposium on Oil and Gas Exploration Waste Management Practices, pp. 873-881, 1990. 

Boilers may be direct fired or indirect fired. Energy supply designs account for various combustion methods using fossil fuels, municipal waste, process residues, waste heat, and by-products. Special boiler combustion systems to reduce pollution or improve efficiency include fluidized-bed and combined cycle. 

There are a number of methods that have been proposed to help prevent the loss of circulation fluid [1214]. Some of these methods use fibrous, flaky, or granular material to plug the pores as the particulate material settles out of the slurry. Examples are oat hulls [855], rice products [294,295], waste olive pulp [519], nut cork [654,1532], pulp residue waste [750], petroleum coke [1840], and shredded cellophane [296]. 

This section provides guidance for reducing waterborne wastes from metal finishing operations in order to avoid or reduce the need for waste detoxification and the subsequent off-site disposal of detoxification residuals. Waste reduction practices may take the form of5 ... 

Residual wastes from wastewater treatment processes may contribute to existing local and regional disposal problems. 

Potential environmental hazards from wastewater sludges are associated with trace constituents (e.g., chlorinated organic compounds) that partition from the effluent into the sludge. It should be noted, however, that recent trends away from elemental chlorine bleaching have reduced these hazards. A continuing concern is the very high pH (>12.5) of most residual wastes. When these wastes are disposed of in an aqueous form, they may meet the RCRA definition of a corrosive hazardous waste.24... 

Concentrations of lead in water at NPL sites can be at much higher levels. For example, in 1986, an NPL hazardous waste site was identified in Genesee County, Michigan, that contained a landfill and nine surface impoundments. The facility had accepted sludge and residual waste from a chemical warehouse as well as other hazardous wastes. Water samples taken from the impoundments had a maximum lead concentration of 25 mg/L (EPA 1986d). 

Astrup T, Riber C, Pedersen AJ (2011) Incinerator performance effects of changes in waste input and furnace operation on air emissions and residues. Waste Manag Res 29(10 Suppl) 57-68... 

A recent study published by Badema et al. in 2011 describes a combined method to investigate the toxicity of an industrial landfill s leachate which is based on a triad approach including chemical analyses, risk assessment, and in vitro assays [17]. Moreover, to verify the applicability and the robustness of the proposed method, the approach was applied on a real case study a controlled, ISO-14001 certified landfill for nonhazardous industrial waste and residual waste from the treatment of MSW in northern Italy for which data on the presence of leachate contaminants are available from the last 11 years. 

Cuhls C (2008) The situation of greenhouse gas and odour emissions from digestion plants for biowaste and for residual waste - mechanical biological treatment MBT. ECN/ORBIT Workshop, Niirnberg... 

PCDFs are also found in residual waste from the production of vinyl chloride and the chlor-alkali process for chlorine production. Factors favourable for the formation of PCDD/PCDFs are high temperatures, alkaline media, the presence of ultraviolet light, and the presence of radicals in the reaction mixture/chemical process (Fiedler, 1999 Hutzinger and Fiedler 1993). 

Regarding costs, it can be expected that closing water loops will often result in lower costs of the production process and in savings of materials and energy and in lower discharge costs for wastewater. However, it is unavoidable that residual waste streams are produced which have to be disposed in an environmentally acceptable way, or which need additional... 

Biomass, both from residues/wastes and dedicated crops, can be converted not only into bioenergy (electricity, heat) and biofuels for transport but also into bulk chemicals or materials that are nearly equivalent to, or sometimes even better than, those derived from fossil hydrocarbons. 

Solvent extraction Fngitive solvents Little or no residual waste generated... 

Propane Heater stack gas (CO, SO, NOx, Little or no residual waste... 

Characteristics of soil Quantity of waste Utility/fuel rates Moisture content of soil Initial contaminant concentration Characteristics of residual waste Waste handling/preprocessing Target contaminant concentration Amount of debris with waste Labor rates... 

The BioGenesis soil washing system also produces residual wastes that may require either additional treatment or off-site disposal. This factor can also affect treatment costs (D10256X, p. 30). 

In 1996, Delphi estimated the cost of processing wastes at 2.50 to 10.00/kg. Among the factors listed as affecting cost were quantity of waste, labor rates, initial contaminant concentration, characteristics of residual waste, waste handling and pretreatment, amount of debris, utility/fuel rates, and target contaminant concentration (D13821G, p. 24). 

---