Reservation utility

Several tests use glucagon to diagnose endocrine disorders. In patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, a standard test of pancreatic B cell secretory reserve utilizes 1 mg of glucagon administered as an intravenous bolus. Since insulin-treated patients develop circulating anti-insulin antibodies that interfere with radioimmunoassays of insulin, measurements of C-peptide are used to indicate B cell secretion. 

The static problem considers the single-period analogue of the multiperiod problem in which the agent s utility is equal to his single-period reservation utility. This problem can then be used to construci the solution to the multiperiod problem as it will be explained below. The problem is formulated as follows For each state j = 1, and action a e A j) determine a set of compensation rates s jj a) k = 1, that solve the following convex optimization problem ... 

The proof is long and rich in technical and economic subtleties but the main idea is simple and intuitive Because the agent s utility is additively separable and exponential and because the agent has access to frictionless capital markets, it follows that the principal can redistribute her payments to the agent across periods so that the agent s value function is equal to the reservation utility w 1 — a)Wt)] in each period t and state Xt-. There-... 

The incentive compatibility constraints (4.29)-(4.30) state that the pair (a, a ) is a Nash equilibrium for the single-period game in which each agent receives a terminal payoff equal to his reservation utility at the end of the period. 

The MTG process was developed for synfuel production in response to the 1973 oil crisis and the steep rise in crude prices that followed. Because methanol can be made from any gasiftable carbonaceous source, including coal, natural gas, and biomass, the MTG process provided a new alternative to petroleum for Hquid fuels production. New Zealand, heavily dependent on foreign oil imports, utilizes the MTG process to convert vast offshore reserves of natural gas to gasoline (59). 

Although most seeds contain starch as the principal food reserve, many contain other polysaccharides and some have industrial utility. The first seed gums used commercially were quince, psyUium, flax, and locust bean gum. However, only locust bean gum is stiU used, particularly in food appHcations quince and psyllium gums are only used in specialized appHcations. 

All these polyesters are produced by bacteria in some stressed conditions in which they are deprived of some essential component for thek normal metabohc processes. Under normal conditions of balanced growth the bacteria utilizes any substrate for energy and growth, whereas under stressed conditions bacteria utilize any suitable substrate to produce polyesters as reserve material. When the bacteria can no longer subsist on the organic substrate as a result of depletion, they consume the reserve for energy and food for survival or upon removal of the stress, the reserve is consumed and normal activities resumed. This cycle is utilized to produce the polymers which are harvested at maximum cell yield. This process has been treated in more detail in a paper (71) on the mechanism of biosynthesis of poly(hydroxyaIkanoate)s. 

Magnetic flow meters are sometimes utilized in corrosive Hquid streams or slurries where a low unrecoverable pressure drop and high rangeabiHty is required. The fluid is required to be electrically conductive. Magnetic flow meters, which use Faraday s law to measure the velocity of the electrically conductive Hquid, are relatively expensive. Their use is therefore reserved for special situations where less expensive meters are not appropriate. Installation recommendations usually specify an upstream straight mn of five pipe diameters, keeping the electrodes in continuous contact with the Hquid. 

Reserve batteries have been developed for appHcations that require a long inactive shelf period foUowed by intense discharge during which high energy and power, and sometimes operation at low ambient temperature, are required. These batteries are usually classified by the mechanism of activation which is employed. There are water-activated batteries that utilize fresh or seawater electrolyte-activated batteries, some using the complete electrolyte, some only the solvent gas-activated batteries where the gas is used as either an active cathode material or part of the electrolyte and heat-activated or thermal batteries which use a soHd salt electrolyte activated by melting on appHcation of heat. 

A primary concern in coal-fired power generation is the release of air pollutants. Limits on SO2 output, 0.52 g/MJ equivalent of coal input to a new plant, have been estabflshed. Eor a bituminous coal of 27.9 MJ/kg there is thus an upper limit of 0.72% sulfur content. Relatively few coals can meet this requirement. The U.S. Department of Energy indicated recoverable reserves of 420 x 10 t in 1987 (2) that were categorized by sulfur content 33.5% had 0.6% S or less, 15.4% had between 0.61% and 0.83% S, 16.1% had between 0.84 and 1.67% S, 12.4% had between 1.68 and 2.50% S, and 22.6% had more than 2.5% S. The lowest sulfur coal, 86%, is found west of the Mississippi River, mainly in Montana and Wyoming, quite distant from the electric power demand centers in the East. A trend to utilization of the western coals has developed. 

Since the utility curve has such a subjective basis, most companies prefer the objectivity of (NPV) and (DCFRR) over the range of the normal income and expenditure budget. Subjective methods tend to be reserved for exceptionally high risk projects. 

The tanks for this reserve will form part of the capital equipment and the oil itself will need to be included when considering the capital employed. Where electricity is produced on site as a by-product in periods of low demand for steam, more cheaply than that obtained from the utility company, adjustments to the charges on a seasonal basis will be required. 

Biological effects and stimulation of plant growth induced by hydrogel additives are observed at doses which are often much lower than those obtained from purely physical evaluation. For example, it has been recently shown [13] that, according to various criteria of plant development, the SAH additives even at dosages of 50 to 140 kg ha-1 provide a productivity in sandy soils at the level obtainable by treatment with 20% (of the order of hundreds of tons per 1 ha) alluvial deposits. There seems to exist a mechanism allowing the plants to efficiently utilize small water reserves contained in the SAH particles. 

The thrifty gene hypothesis postulates that specific sets of genes, which optimized energy utilization and storage, prepared our ancestors for feast and famine by efficiently protecting energy reserves when supplies... 

The abihty to recover as much as possible of the remaining two-thirds of conventional oils in known formations and to utilize ultraheavy erode deposits will become increasingly important as U.S., and ultimately worldwide, reserves of conventional crude oils are depleted. 

Optimization of the flow paths of the multiplex head resulted in an additional reserve of capacity. The layout of the inlet angle of the extmders and the arrangement of the flow channels were made in such a way that necessitates the pressure loss to a miniumum. The benefit of this can be clearly seen in a reduced stock temperature. This lower temperature can be utilized to increase the throughput capacity. 

Levalbuterol may be utilized if the patient experiences tachycardia or tremors with albuterol ° Antimicrobials should be reserved for patients with evidence of a bacterial respiratory tract infection... 

Paralysis usually is reserved for cases in whom sedation alone does not improve the effectiveness of mechanical ventilation. Neuromuscular blockers may lead to prolonged skeletal muscle weakness and should be avoided if possible. Patients requiring neuromuscular blockade are to be monitored and intermittent boluses should be utilized. 

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