Research proposal Respectively

The Belmont report describes the basic ethical principles that underlie research involving human subjects respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. The report discusses application of informed consent, assessment of ri.sks and benefits, and selection of subjects. Its regulations require that IRBs have not fewer than five members who have the capability to judge research proposals in terms of community attitudes. Therefore, IRBs must include people whose primary concerns lie in the areas of legal, professional, and community acceptance rather than in the overall scientific design. 

It is proposed to polymerize the vinyl group of the hemin molecule with other vinyl comonomers to prepare model compounds to be used in hemoglobin research. Considering hemin and styrene to be species 1 and 2, respectively, use the resonance concept to rank the reactivity ratios rj and X2. 

If the production of vinyl chloride could be reduced to a single step, such as dkect chlorine substitution for hydrogen in ethylene or oxychlorination/cracking of ethylene to vinyl chloride, a major improvement over the traditional balanced process would be realized. The Hterature is filled with a variety of catalysts and processes for single-step manufacture of vinyl chloride (136—138). None has been commercialized because of the high temperatures, corrosive environments, and insufficient reaction selectivities so far encountered. Substitution of lower cost ethane or methane for ethylene in the manufacture of vinyl chloride has also been investigated. The Lummus-Transcat process (139), for instance, proposes a molten oxychlorination catalyst at 450—500°C to react ethane with chlorine to make vinyl chloride dkecfly. However, ethane conversion and selectivity to vinyl chloride are too low (30% and less than 40%, respectively) to make this process competitive. Numerous other catalysts and processes have been patented as weU, but none has been commercialized owing to problems with temperature, corrosion, and/or product selectivity (140—144). Because of the potential payback, however, this is a very active area of research. 

There are several chemical compounds found in the waste waters of a wide variety of industries that must be removed because of the danger they represent to human health. Among the major classes of contaminants, several aromatic molecules, including phenols and aromatic amines, have been reported. Enzymatic treatment has been proposed by many researchers as an alternative to conventional methods. In this respect, PX has the ability to coprecipitate certain difficult-to-remove contaminants by inducing the formation of mixed polymers that behave similarly to the polymeric products of easily removable contaminants. Thus, several types of PX, including HRP C, LiP, and a number of other PXs from different sources, have been used for treatment of aqueous aromatic contaminants and decolorization of dyes. Thus, LiP was shown to mineralize a variety of recalcitrant aromatic compounds and to oxidize a number of polycyclic aromatic and phenolic compounds. Furthermore, MnP and a microbial PX from Coprinus macrorhizus have also been observed to catalyze the oxidation of several monoaromatic phenols and aromatic dyes (Hamid and Khalil-ur-Rehman 2009). 

A number of researchers have also used a proposed ASTM test mixture, benzaldehyde, acetophenone, methyl benzoate, dimethyl terphtha-late, benzyl alcohol, and benzene to demonstrate separation on a column [98]. However the first four compounds are from the same interaction group and should behave in the same way on changing conditions. The first three have almost constant indices (respectively 760, 800, and 890) so that in effect they create an index scale with constant differences against which the last two compounds can be compared [96,99]. 

Correlations for heat transfer coefficient between a single sphere and surrounding gas have been proposed by many researchers (Table 5.2), for example, Whitaker,1584 and Ranz and Marshall,15051 among others. The correlation recommended by Whitaker is accurate to within 30% for the range of parameter values listed. All properties except jus should be evaluated at Tm. For freely falling liquid droplets, the Ranz-Marshall correlation 505 is often used. The correlations may be applied to mass transfer processes simply by replacing Nu and Pr with Sh and Sc, respectively, where Sh and Sc are the Sherwood number and Schmidt number, respectively. Modifications to the Ranz-Marshall correlation have been made by researchers to account... 

The solid lines in the figure are model fits of the experimental data. For fitting the experimental data, numerous research groups have proposed more or less complex models [45,47,53,54], Here we apply a simple rate expression derived by Wheeler et al. [45], and approximating the WGS process as a single reversible surface reaction assuming an elementary reaction with first-order kinetics with respect to all species in the WGS reaction ... 

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