Research and development into

Research and development into polymer electrolyte battery systems continues, yet many unsolved and controversial issues, particularly relating to the inadequate understanding and control of ion dissociation and the relative mobilities of the ions, remain. Modem computational resources now allow the structures of complex systems such as polymer electrolytes to be simulated and evaluated. Computer simu-... 

At present, leaching is one of the most essential front-end operations in hydrometallurgy, but in future hydrometallurgical processes for secondary metal recovery, treatment of low grade and complex ores, and research and development into high-temperature and high-pressure processes will become increasingly important. 

Japan has been an early leader in hydrogen and fuel cell technology development. Since the early 1980s, Japan has invested in research and development into various fuel cell technologies, beginning with PAFCs and MCFCs. Research and development of PEFCs was launched in 1992, and is the focus of Japan s fuel cell research program. The investment to date has amounted to some 97 billion. 

The process of scale-up in the pharmaceutical industry generally involves moving a product from research and development into production. Numerous pitfalls could be met on this path. It is a well-known fact that often the production process cannot achieve the same product quality as was envisioned in the development and pre-approval stages. Losses in terms of effort and money can be enormous, which is why scale-up and postapproval changes are so important and so strictly regulated. 

Chapter 3 provides an overview of physicochemical factors that impact analysis and purification of polypeptides and proteins by HPLC techniques. The current status and some of the future challenges facing this major field of separation sciences are considered from both didactic and practical perspectives (Chapter 3). This chapter attempts to provide an overview of terms, concepts, principles, practical aspects, and primary references that underpin the recent developments in this field. Where appropriate, key relationships and dependencies that describe the interactive behavior of polypeptides and proteins with chemically immobilized ligands are discussed. This understanding is central to any subsequent exploration of alternative avenues now available for further research and development into the field of polypeptide or protein purification and analysis. 

Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) plays an important role in today s microelectronics industry. With its ability to achieve global planarization, its universality (material insensitivity), its applicability to multimaterial surfaces, and its relative cost-effectiveness, CMP is the ideal planarizing medium for the interlayered dielectrics and metal films used in silicon integrated circuit fabrication. But although the past decade has seen unprecedented research and development into CMP, there has been no single-source reference to this rapidly emerging technology - until now. 

CFD-based techniques date back to the early 1960s, and the first commercial CFD software became available in the early 1980s. Since then, research and development into CFD has transformed the techniques from a theoretical approach... 

Barrie SC, Buntine MA, Jamie IM, Kable SH (2001a) APCELL Developing better ways of teaching in the laboratory. Paper presented at the Proceedings of Research and Development into University Science Teaching and Learning Workshop, Sydney, NSW... 

The product development process in the pharmaceutical industry is not unlike that of other industries, in which exploratory materials are researched and developed into products, and where problems arise the analytical laboratory is called upon to provide solutions. The characterization of the physical properties of pharmaceutical solids is one of the disciplines utilized early in the drug development process. The characterization of these properties is vital to determining whether the compound under investigation is a candidate for continued development as a drug product. To facilitate the characterization of pharmaceutical solids in laboratories, a conceptual approach for this characterization has been developed (66) that uses decision trees to guide the analyst in the characterization of drug substances. 

Management of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels will require sequestration of carbon dioxide. Research and development into methods to cost effectively capture and geologically sequester carbon dioxide is required in the next 10 to 20 years.5... 

This is the principal reason for Research and Developement into the design of thermally resistant catalyst carriers. 

To conclude the present review, we will mention some trends in the research and development into the technology that may be of importance in the present context in the future. Due to constraints of space, we have to omit most of the important works presently being carried out on various aspects of crystallization, and will only mention those works that may lead to a particle size distribution and particle shapes which facilitate the filtration and drying stages in the process. 

Thus, from a general point of view, research and development into lightweight materials is essential for lowering their cost, increasing their ability to be recycled, enabling their integration into vehicles and maximizing their fuel ecmiomy benefits... 

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