Reptile

In the transition towards mammals, the features of a typical intermediate group, the Pelycosaurs (Permian, mammal-like reptiles, Fig. 1.2) probably reflect those now seen in tme mammals. The early mammals presumably maintained the oral sampling of odours, as suggested at a 

Among the Salamandridae, displaced Western newts, Taricha rivularis, home to the same section of a stream year after year. Blinded newts still homed successfully, and anosmic specimens were reduced in their homing ability but still did not move in random fashion. They return to their home pond from up to 12km(Twitty, 1966). Another salamander, tested in the 

Land tortoises Testudo hermannt), especially males, caught in the wild and displaced 500-1000 m returned to the point of their capture. However, if their olfaction was impaired by washing the nasal cavity with zinc sulfate, their 

Freshwater turtles home to their pond when experimentally displaced. Painted turtles, Chrysemyspicta, homed from 100 m, but not from 1.6 km (Emlen, 1969). They use chemical cues painted turtles discriminate chemical cues from their home ponds and other ponds. Males and females prefer water from their home pond to that from other ponds (Quinn and Graves, 1998). The Eastern long-necked turtle, Chelodina longicolUs, of southestern Australia uses solar cues during migration between a permanent lake and an ephemeral swamp, as 

The internal temperature of coldblooded, or ectothermic, animals is the same as the temperature of their surroundings. In other words, when it is hot outside, they are hot, and when it is cold outside, they are cold. In very hot environments the blood temperature of some 

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Malaria is transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito, one of the few species of the insect capable of carrying the human malaria parasite. The responsible protozoa ate from the genus P/asmodium of which only four of some 100 species can cause the disease in humans. The remaining species affect rodents, reptiles, monkeys, birds, and Hvestock. The species that infect humans are P/asmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale. Note that concomitant multiple malaria infections are commonly seen in endemic areas, a phenomenon that further compHcates choice of treatment. 

Ivermectin is widely used as an endectocide for catde as an injectable, oral, topical, or slow release bolus for sheep as an injectable or oral formulation for swine as an injectable for horses as a paste or drench and for goats as an injectable or oral formulation. Ivermectin has recently been introduced for heartworm prophylaxis in dogs and it is being studied for use with cats, many other mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles. 

Endocrine Disruption in Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and Amphibiians... 

Evidence for chemically mediated disruption of thyroid function in wild reptile populations includes the finding of elevated thyroxine levels in male alligators from Lake Apopka, although a causal relationship with specific chemicals has not been established. ... 

Furthermore, as shown in Figure 5.28, the number of amino acid differences between two cytochrome c sequences is proportional to the phylogenetic difference between the species from which they are derived. The cytochrome c in humans and in chimpanzees is identical human and another mammalian (sheep) cytochrome c differ at 10 residues. The human cytochrome c sequence has 14 variant residues from a reptile sequence (rattlesnake), 18 from a fish (carp), 29 from a mollusc (snail), 31 from an insect (moth), and more than 40 from yeast or higher plants (cauliflower). 

FIGURE 15.38 The structures of inositol pentaphosphate and inositol hexaphosphate, the functional analogs of BPG in birds and reptiles. 

Reps, -m. rape, -bl, n. rape oil, rapeseed oil, Reptilleder, n. reptile leather, requirieren, v.t. request requisition. 

Wurm, m. worm vermin reptile, snake vermiform process. 

Animal nutritionists have developed formulas to guide them in recommending the amount of food to feed animals in captive situations such as in zoos. First, the number of calorics needed to maintain the animal while at rest is determined—this is called the basal metabolic rate (BMR). In general, a reptile s BMR is only 15 percent that of a placental mammal, while a bird s is quite a bit higher than both a reptile s and a mammal s. For all animals, the number of calories they should receive on a maintenance diet is twice that used at the basal metabolic rate. A growing animal should receive three times the number of calories at the BMR, while an animal in the reproductive phase should receive four to six times the BMR. 

Endothermic animals can achieve and sustain levels of activity even when temperatures plummet or vary widely. This can be a huge advantage over ectothermy, especially m northern latitudes, at night, or during the winter. In colder climates, an ectothermic predator such as a snake will tend to be more sluggish and less successful than an endothermic predator. There are no reptiles or insects in the polar regions. 

Permian Appeiechian Mountains clkTtax Mammai-iike reptiles... 

Carborvlerous) 320 Coal forests, nsects. amphibians, reptiles... 

Carboniferous 345 Myr Climate cools, marked latitudinal gradients. Extensive forests of early vascular plants, especially club mosses, horsetails, ferns. Coal beds form. Amphibians diversify first reptiles appear. Radiation of early insect orders... 

Permian 290 Myr All land united in one large continent - Pangaea large glaciers form. Reptiles, including mammal-like forms, radiate amphibians decline diverse orders of insects evolve. Conifers appear. Mass extinction at end of period (ca. 95% of all species disappear)... 

Phylum Chordata Tunicates, sharks, bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals... 

Excretory processes for xenobiotics are best understood for mammals, with far less work having been done on birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Highly lipophilic compounds show little tendency to be excreted unchanged. In the absence of effective metabolism, they tend to have very long biological half-lives in depot fat. Thus, half-lives of about 1 year have been reported for p,p -DDE in birds, whereas higher... 

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