Replication discs

Viral replication, packaging and release. Drug Disc Today 1 388-397 Meindl P, Tuppy H (1969) 2-Deoxy-2,3-dehydrosialic acids. II. Competitive inhibition of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase by 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-V-acyIneuraminic acids. Hoppe-Seyler s Z Physiol Chem 350 1088-1092... 

Fig. 26. The effect of shear on a range of enzymes with a stainless steel disc at a mean velocity gradient of 6490 s at 30 °C, in the presence of an air/liquid interface. Each data point in the figure is the mean value of 4 replicates and is given as a percentage of the control value [107]...

Traditionally, UV curable polymers have been utilized as coatings for wood and vinyl floors, but their applications have increased dramatically over the last twenty years to encompass many diverse areas, including optical fiber coatings (7), adhesives (2), disc replications (3-5), and microelectronics (6). This widespread use of UV cross-linked systems is attributed to their rapid, energy efficient curing and their solvent free, one piece formulations. Typically, UV curable systems require only a small fraction of the power normally utilized in thermally cured systems and their solvent free nature offers an environmentally safer alternative. 

Photopolymerization and photocrosslinking processes have been in use for many years in the electronics industry, for example in the making of printed circuit boards and in the fixation of color dots in TV tubes. More recent applications of light-induced chain crosslinking polymerization processes are the replication of optical discs (1,2) of aspherical lenses (3,4) and the in-line coating of optical fibers (5,6). 

The gel from the purified tobacco pectin was formed on 1.3 cm ashless Whatman 50 filter paper discs which were frozen in propane at about — 190°C. These samples were then freeze-dried (90 min) at —70°C, replicated with 16.9A Pt/C at —178°C in a 5 x 10-8 torr. vacuum and backed with 146A of carbon. Finally, these samples were digested with 80% sulfuric acid, rinsed with deionized water, picked up from underneath with... 

Similar results were obtained using 12-day-old cucumber leaf discs washed in tap water replicate samples of the discs themselves were taken at short intervals for 60 min. No change in incorporated label with time of washing was observed, and no differences between rates of label loss from soluble pools of control and ozonated (47 2 pphm, 30 min) plants were observed even though the ozonation treatment reduced label influx into the soluble pool by between 35 and 40%. 

Many of the genes that increase vulnerability to bipolar disorder are common to schizophrenia but some genes appear to be unique to each disorder. Genome-wide association studies of psychotic bipolar disorder have shown replicated linkage to chromosomes 8p and 13q. Several candidate genes have shown association with bipolar disorder with psychotic features and with schizophrenia. These include genes for dysbindin, DAOA/G30, disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC-1), and neuregulin 1. 

Radiation curing is an important part in the manufacture of compact discs and digital versatile disks (DVDs). In the production of compact disks the replication and formation of the protective coat can be carried out with the use of UV curing.59 The coatings are commonly based on methacrylates. 

In order to effectively evaluate resistance and susceptibility, an efficient evaluation technique was required. MacDonald et al. (4) tested four evaluation techniques visual rating of whole plants, an attached whole leaf method, a detached whole leaf method and a leaf disc method. The leaf disc method was considered the most satisfactory since it was space efficient, it allowed for replication both within and between leaves of an individual plant, it caused no harm to the plants and it yielded highly reproducible results. 

Figure 3. Number of two-spotted spider mites staying on leaf discs when given a choice between leaf discs treated with rosemary oil at 1% or untreated discs. Error bars representing standard error, n = 10 replicates with 30 adult spider mites per replicate. Adapted from [15].

Figure 5. Effect of clove oil (2.5%) and eugenol (1.5%) on leakage of electrolytes from leaf discs of common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed. Values are means + SE of two experiments with six replicates per experiment. Bars with different letters for common lambsquarters (lowercase) and for redroot pigweed (uppercase) indicate significant differences at P = 0.05. Adapted from [26].

We recently surveyed a cross-section of plants from many tropical regions of the world in a search for photosensitizers to further test the above hypothesis. The methods used to test for phototoxic phytochemicals are described in detail elsewhere (22). Briefly, methanolic extracts were spotted onto sterile filter-paper discs and allowed to dry. The dried discs were placed onto replicate nutrient agar plates that had been spread with Ex B/r (a UV resistant bacterium). The plates were incubated in the dark at 3TC for 30 min. Half of the plates were irradiated for 60 min. with eight Sylvania F40BLB UVA lamps (18W m ), while the other half were kept in the dark. All plates were incubated overnight in the dark at 37°C, after which the zones of inhibition surrounding the filter paper discs were measured. 

Steps in the mastering and replication of a coiTipact disc (after Bayer AG). 

Water potential(y ), osmotic potential( 3)/ relative water content(RWC) All measurements were made at predawn time. for Fw measurements leaf discs of maize and bean from 4 replicates... 

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