Relevance of Solids Mixing

The sorption behavior of 11 PAH compounds (a training set, Table 11) on various solid phases (e.g., three soils and two sediments) with different properties to relevant sorption (e.g., organic carbon content, clay content, pH, cation exchange capacity CEC Table 12), was determined by batch equilibrium studies [1]. Batch equilibrium tests were designed to determine rates of equilibrium sorption under conditions of high mixing and high surface areas of the solid particles (see Chap. 3). 

A fairly large number of mixed carbonyl phosphine and arsine complexes have been reported so far. They are generally prepared by displacement of CO from Ni(CO)4. Owing to the high stability of Ni(CO)4, when it is reacted with phosphines and arsines at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, only a partial displacement of CO usually occurs. Most of the mixed phosphine (or arsine) carbonyl compounds have the general formula [Ni(CO) (PR3)4 ] (n = 3, 2) and [Ni(CO)2(L—L)] (L—L is a diphosphine or diarsine). These complexes are colourless or yellow-orange solids or liquids. Many of them are thermally stable but decompose in air. The most relevant mixed carbonyl complexes with common phosphines are reported in Table 4. 

These examples and the general subjects mentioned above illustrate that ion conduction and the electrochemical properties of solids are particularly relevant in solid state ionics. Hence, the scope of this area considerably overlaps with the field of solid state electrochemistry, and the themes treated, for example, in textbooks on solid state electrochemistry [27-31] and books or journals on solid state ionics [1, 32] are very similar indeed. Regrettably, for many years solid state electrochemistry/solid state ionics on the one hand, and liquid electrochemistry on the other, developed separately. Although developments in the area of polymer electrolytes or the use of experimental techniques such as impedance spectroscopy have provided links between the two fields, researchers in both solid and liquid electrochemistry are frequently not acquainted with the research activities of the sister discipline. Similarities and differences between (inorganic) solid state electrochemistry and liquid electrochemistry are therefore emphasized in this review. In Sec. 2, for example, several aspects (non-stoichiometry, mixed ionic and electronic conduction, internal interfaces) are discussed that lead to an extraordinary complexity of electrolytes in solid state electrochemistry. 

Incineration is often regarded as a very efficient technique for municipal solid waste (MSW) management. However, the environmental impacts of MSW incineration need to be carefully taken into account. The most relevant problem with MSW incineration is flue gas treatment. However, another often overlooked issue is the disposal of solid byproducts of the incineration process. MSW incinerators essentially produce two types of solid by-products, that is, slag, or bottom ash, and fly ash, often mixed with various other chemicals used for flue gas treatment. Bottom ash and—even more—fly ash are regarded as dangerous wastes mainly due to their potentially toxic elements (PTE) content and their tendency to leach such PTE to the environment. 

Carbonates. There has been a great deal of interest in carbonate complexes of thorium owing to their environmental relevance (45). Solution studies for thorium have been reported (44,46—48). For example, the solubility of microcrystalline Th02, examined as a function of pH and C02 partial pressure (44), gave results consistent with the presence of the mixed hydroxocarbonatothorium complex, Th(0H)3(C03) [15478949-8], and pentacarbonatothorium(rV) [12364-90-8], Th(C03)6-5 (4). Solids of formula Th0(C03) [49741-19-7] and Th(0H)2(C03) 21 RO [12538-65-7] have been reported, but these materials are not well characterized. The pentacarbonato salts of thorium(IV) and uranium(TV) are the most well studied of the tetravalent actinide carbonate solids. Salts of the formula M6Th(C03)5 H20, where M = Na, K, or Tl, or M6 = [Co(NH3)6]2, have all been reported... 

This section deals with a small group of solid-to-solid reactions which arc relevant to the preparation of certain mixed-oxide catalysts. 

Reaction-induced dispersion may be used as a substitute for conventional preparation methods for supported metal oxides (Wachs and Cai, 2001) it constitutes a particular case of solid—solid wetting, which is proposed to play an important role in catalyst preparation (Leyrer et al., 1990). Industrially relevant mixed metal oxide catalysts can be prepared by reaction-induced dispersion at temperatures that are significantly... 

Solid-state electrochemistry is an important and rapidly developing scientific field that integrates many aspects of classical electrochemical science and engineering, materials science, solid-state chemistry and physics, heterogeneous catalysis, and other areas of physical chemistry. This field comprises - but is not limited to - the electrochemistry of solid materials, the thermodynamics and kinetics of electrochemical reactions involving at least one solid phase, and also the transport of ions and electrons in solids and interactions between solid, liquid and/or gaseous phases, whenever these processes are essentially determined by the properties of solids and are relevant to the electrochemical reactions. The range of applications includes many types of batteries and fuel cells, a variety of sensors and analytical appliances, electrochemical pumps and compressors, ceramic membranes with ionic or mixed ionic-electronic conductivity, solid-state electrolyzers and electrocatalytic reactors, the synthesis of new materials with improved properties and corrosion protection, supercapacitors, and electrochromic and memory devices. 

Results obtained with different silica gels and with a series of mixed oxides are listed in Table 1. For comparison some results obtained with other solids are also reported. Due to the relevance of this step in the synthesis of menthol, stereoselectivity towards the (-) isomer was also checked. Some surface properties of the catalysts are reported in Table 2. 

The preparation of supported mixed oxides is also relevant in the processing of one type of membrane materials in which the active solid is deposited on top of catalytically inactive porous structure such as alumina. However, the synthesis of membranes entirely made of mixed oxides should not be overlooked, although this is a matter that needs further refinement to produce adequate materials. 

Equation 10.29 was used to derive a number of analytical expressions for the solubility of a poorly soluble solid such as drugs and hydrophobic organic pollutants in a mixed binary solvent. Two cases are relevant (a) the mixed solvent (1-3) is an ideal solution, (b) the mixed solvent (1-3) is a nonideal solution. 

Several standard test protocols for measurement of polymer biodegradation are presently available. Organizations which have published such tests include the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) (Japan) [40] and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) [41]. They are, however, for the most part deficient to the extent that they have no control over the nature of microbial inoculum used, or the possible preadaptation of the mixed populations to specific substrates, and over the adequate control of particle size of the substrate. The relevance of these factors to laboratory assessment of the biodegradabUity of synthetic polymers has been recently discussed [1]. Most of these test methods have been derived from tests first used with detergents [42], and are not always well-suited for solid polymer substrates. 

---