Viscosity relative increment

Single-point equations suppose that kn, kK and kss are constants and that kn + kK = 0.5, as is indicated by the combination of equations Huggins and Kraemer. They all include the values for relative viscosity, increment of viscosity and concentration. For example, Solomon-Ciuta (1962) proposes ... 

Note The use of the term specific viscosity for this quantity is discouraged, since the relative viscosity increment does not have the attributes of a specific quantity. 

Ratio of the relative viscosity increment to the mass concentration of the polymer, c, i.e., q ... 

Relative Viscosity Increment See Specific Increase in Viscosity. 

Specific Increase in Viscosity The relative viscosity minus unity. Also referred to as specific viscosity or relative viscosity increment. 

This may also be expressed in terms of the relative viscosity increment, r)i (the term specific viscosity is now discouraged by... 

According to lUPAC, the specific viscosity is a relative viscosity increment /]i,but this is not common practice in the literature. An overview of the viscosities q of common solvents can be found in Table 2.2. With that list, the relative or specific viscosity can be calculated from the dynamic viscosity of a polymer solution. 

The term specific viscosity is commonly used rather than relative viscosity. The specific viscosity is the increment in viscosity due to the addition of the polymer as ... 

A stig — dielectric increment per gm. protein per liter /r = dipole moment in debye units t H O is the relaxation time in water at 25° (correcting for the relative viscosity of water and the solvent actually employed) To = relaxation time of a sphere, of volume equal to that of the protein, in water at 25° ajb = ratio of major to minor axis, calculated from r and observed relaxation times, by the equations of Perrin (92) [Cohn and Edsall (Jd)], neglecting hydration. 

As used here [rj] c denotes the increment in relative viscosity which results when a resin molecule is added to the solution at concentration c. Consequently, its value for a given resin can strongly depend on the concentration, and on the nature of the diluent. At infinite dilution Equation 1 gives Meff = M, and the intrinsic viscosity has its conventional meaning, i.e., the limiting value of (rj8 — r)o)/voc at infinite dilution. Here rj8 is the viscosity of a solution of concentration c (grams/dl) and 770 is the solvent viscosity. 

The spherical molecules are compact and therefore give rise to relatively small viscosity effects. The rod-like proteins have a high axial ratio and give rise to very high viscosity Increments because they tend to take up positions with the larger dimension oriented In the direction of current. In this position, the degree of orientation Increases as the shear stress Increases. The molecules thus lose their randomness. 

The hyaluronidase-induced fall in the viscosity of hyaluronic acid is usually determined in a capillary flow viscometer of the Ostwald type and is expressed in various terms. For the sake of clarity, it may be recalled that the relative viscosity, is the ratio of the flow time of the solution to the flow time of the solvent, although it is occasionally referred to the flow time of water. The specific viscosity, i peo.v is 1, also called the viscosity increment. The reduced viscosity is rei./c, where c is the concentration in grams per 100 milliliters. The extrapolation of the reduced viscosity for c = 0 is called the intrinsic viscosity [ ] => lim Vapeejc. The... 

Viscosity measurements by Neurath and Putnam (101) have verified the existence of interaction in protein-detergent mixtures and have revealed a unique dependence of the viscosity increment on detergent/ protein weight ratio. This work showed that both cationic and anionic detergents produce a large increase in the relative viscosity of serum... 

When colloidal particles arc dispersed in a liquid, the flow of the liquid is disturbed and the viscosity (rf) is higher than that of the pure liquid (dispersion medium), designated as t]o- The problem of relating the viscosities of colloidal dispersions with the namre of the dispersed particles has been the subject of many experimental and theoretical investigations. In this respect, viscosity increments, especially the relative, specific and intrinsic viscosities are of greater significance than absolute viscosities. These functions are shown in Equations 8.12a and 8.12b. The intrinsic viscosity has units of reciprocal concentration but as the concentration is often expressed as the volume fraction of the particles (=volume particles/total volume), then the intrinsic viscosity is dimensionless. 

For this technique, the viscosity is calculated at and is unknown. Since the increment Az, is relatively small, the temperature does not change enough over the control volume to cause a severe error in the temperature calculation. The value of is calculated after the energy input terms and heat conduction terms of Eqs. 7.96 to 7.102 are calculated. The theory line temperatures in Figs. 7.37 and 7.38 were calculated using this technique. 

Note from Table 6.8 that the reduced viscosity gives the relative increase in the viscosity of the solution over the solvent, per unit of concentration. Since r/ is the limiting value of the reduced viscosity, it is a measure of the first increment of viscosity due to the dispersed particles and is therefore characteristic of the particles. Equation (6.33) predicts that the intrinsic viscosity should equal 2.5 for spherical particles. If the dispersed phase volume fraction is used to reflect the dry-weight concentration of particles that may become solvated when dispersed, then intrinsic viscosity measurements can be used to determine the extent of solvation as follows. Suppose the mass of colloidal solute in a solution is converted to the volume of unsolvated material using the dry density. If the particles are assumed to be uniformly solvated throughout the dispersion then the solvated particle volume exceeds that of the unsolvated particle volume by the factor 1 + (m], b/m2)(p2/Pi) where my, is the mass of bound solvent, m2 is the mass of the solute particle, p2 is the density of the particle and pi is the density of the solvent. Since 4>[Pg.185]

This developed miscibility process results in a miscible fluid, that is capable of displacing all the oil which it contacts in the reservoir... The efficiency of this displacement is controlled by the mobility (ratio of relative permeability to viscosity) of each fluid. If the displacing fluid (i.e. carbon dioxide) is more mobile than that being displaced (i.e. crude oil) then the displacement will be relatively inefficient. Some of the residual oil saturation will never come into contact with carbon dioxide. Both laboratory and field tests have indicated, that even under favourable condition, injection of 0.15-0.6 10 m of carbon dioxide is required for recovery of an additional barrel (0.16 m ) of oil". Here our goal is to obtain a mass ratio of CO2 to incremental oil of 1 to 4, on the basis of the Bonder s data. 

Shell (48) used a simple foam model (49) for their Bishop Fee pilot. The foam generation rate was matched by using an effective surfactant partition coefficient that took into account surfactant losses and foam generation inefficiencies. The value of this coefficient was selected so that the numerical surfactant propagation rate was equal to the actual growth rate. Foam was considered to exist in grid blocks where steam was present and the surfactant concentration was at least 0.1 wt%. The foam mobility was assumed to be the gas-phase relative permeability divided by the steam viscosity and the MRF. The MRF increased with increasing surfactant concentration. The predicted incremental oil production [5.5% of the... 

The viscosity of a solution is a function of the concentration. Its increment due to the solvent relative to the reference value tjo of the pure solvent is the specific viscosity... 

For elastic solids Hooke s law is valid only at small strains, and Newton s law of viscosity is restricted to relatively low flow rates, as only when the stress is proportional either to the strain or the strain rate is analysis of the deformation feasible in simple form. A comparable limitation holds for viscoelastic materials general quantitative predictions are possible only in the case of linear viscoelasticity, for which the results of changing stresses or strains are simply additive, but the time at which the change is made must be taken into account. For a single loading process there will be a linear relation between stress and strain at a given time. Multistep loading can be analysed in terms of the Boltzmann superposition principle (Section 4.2.1) because each increment of stress can be assumed to make an independent contribution to the overall strain. 

In 1963, Dowson and Hudson (3) performed some finite-difference calculations on the infinitely-wide flat slider bearing, including variable-property effects. They employed 100 increments along the length of the bearing, and a minimum of 20 increments transversely. These investigators were concerned with the relative effects of density and viscosity variations upon load capacity, with the effects of solid-fluid thermal interaction, and with the possibilities for load support from parallel surfaces. Their findings serve as basis for our assumption of a constant-density fluid, and two special cases of their exploratory calculations will be used here for direct numerical comparisons. 

Fractional flow curves presented in Figure 3 were derived from relative permeability experiments and represent both waterflood and polymer flood data. Apparent fluid viscosity for the polymer flood curve is 22.0 cp as calculated using 750 ppm of American Cyanamid Cyanatrol 970. These curves show that the increased viscosity of the polymer solution displaces the fractional flow curve to higher water saturations at a given fractional flow of oil, illustrating the potential for additional oil recovery. Using a laboratory measured adsorption value of 0.058 lbs. polymer/bbl pore volume and a S. of 0.54 (water-oil ratio of 25) for the polymer curve, the fractional flow predictive method was used to calculate that an incremental 3.83 MBO (10.1% OOIP) could be recovered within the polymer flood area. 

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