Regulation of protein expression

Auricchio, A., Behling, K.C., Maguire, A.M., et al. (2002). Pharmacological regulation of protein expression from adeno-associated viral vectors in the eye. Mol. Ther., 6, 238-242. 

The ability to discern changes in the regulation of protein expression, not only by the use of antibodies, but also by means of Northern blotting techniques to monitor changes in mRNA levels, and footprinting techniques or gel retardation/ mobility shift assays to determine interaction of regulatory proteins with nucleic acids. 

Cell culture (e.g., Caco-2 cell line) 1. Immortalized cell lines that allow repeated studies with controlled conditions 2. Whole cell activity monitoring, allowing substrate interaction within compartments to be followed 3. Regulation of protein expression or use of stably transfected cell lines, and use of inhibitors to provide mechanistic information 1. Key proteins (e.g., enzymes and transporters) potentially not expressed or expressed to different levels than normal cells 2. No interaction with other food components... 

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) is a negative regulator of FATP expression and downregulates FATP mRNA and protein levels in several tissues. 

A nuclear receptor that is a key transcription factor in adipocytes. It plays a critical role in the control of adipocyte differentiation and is involved in the regulation of the expression of specific adipokines, including leptin and adiponectin. It has anti-inflammatory actions and is the target of the thiazolidinedione drugs. The preintegration complex is a complex of retroviral DNA and proteins that translocates from the cytosol into the nucleus prior to integration. Gene Therapy... 

Other HIV proteins include regulator of viral expression (Rev), negative effectors (Nef), viral protein R (Vpr), viral protein U (Vpu), viral infectivity factor (Vif) and transactivator protein (Tat). These proteins are instrumental in viral mRNA expression, viral replication and transactivation, viral release and maturation, viral infection, and maintenance of viral transcript activation and expression, respectively (Tripathi and Agrawal 2007). 

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