Regenerated natural fibres

There are three types of regenerated natural fibres - rayon, acetate and protein -the first two are derived from cotton linters or pine wood. Wool like protein based artificial fibres may be regenerated from animal and vegetable proteins. 

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Synthetic fibres, manufactured fibres can be divided into those derived from natural polymers (such as regenerated protein fibres rayon, cellulose acetates, or alginates) and those derived from synthetic polymers including nylons, polyesters, acrylics, and polyolefins. 

For synthetic and regenerated fibres, the fibre production (primary spinning) is mainly made by melt spinning (polyester, nylon etc.), dry spinning (elastane etc.) or wet spinning (viscose, lyocell etc.). Lenzing AG has produced carbon footprints of viscose and lyocell fibres and compared these with other fibres (Shen and Patel, 2008 Shen et al., 2010 Terinte et al., 2014 Van der Velden et al., 2014). The production of natural fibres via agriculture or forestry has been studied elsewhere (e.g. Sandin et al., 2013). 

Most of the techniques employed in fibre analysis are nondestructive tests to determine whether the fibre is natural (obtained from animal, plant, or mineral) or synthetic (wholly manufactured from chemicals or regenerated from natural fibres) and the fibre type (e.g., determining if the fibre is wool, cotton, nylon, polyester, etc.). Whether any chemical treatments have been carried out (such as bleaching or the use of delustrants) is noted and the colour is also determined. Many of the techniques commonly used in these analyses include low- and high-power microscopes, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy, polarising Ught microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and microspectrophotometry (MSP). 

Commonly used natural fibres are cotton and silk, but also included are the regenerated cellulosic fibres (viscose rayon) these are widely used in non-implantable materials and healthcare/hygiene products. A wide variety of products and specific applications utilise the unique characteristics that synthetic fibres exhibit. Commonly used synthetic materials include polyester, polyamide, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polypropylene, carbon, glass, and so on. 

Moisture is introduced by the use of steam. Steam at different pressures has different moisture contents the higher the steam pressure, the lower the moisture in the steam. The presence of moisture is required to aid in fibre swelling and thus shape stabilisation. Different fibres require different amounts of moisture. For example, natural fibres such as cotton and wool and regenerated cellulose fibres such as bamboo viscose and viscose rayon require the presence of moisture in the steam, and therefore steaming tables are usually preferred. On the other hand, synthetic fibres require heat to promote swelling and therefore relaxation of the structore. Excessive moisture may cause fabric shrinkage and colour bleeding. 

Regenerated fibroin fibres degrade faster than natural fibres. 

The use of protective barrier products is not limited to the operating theatre and is found throughout the healthcare institutions. The range of fibre types is large and goes from natural fibres, (eg. cotton) to regenerated fibres (e.g. viscose) to synthetic fibres (e.g. polyester, polypropylene and polyethylene). The manufactured products are mostly woven, nonwoven or knitted. 

Needle-punching has been used to produce blankets for over 50 years and was one of the earliest applications of the process. High-quality synthetic and natural fibres are still used, but the process is usually employed to produce economical products from regenerated fibres that are often used as emergency or disposable blankets (Ahmed, 2007, p. 225). In the production of needle-punched blankets, modifications to the needle-punch process have been made to improve their properties. The Fibrewoven process, developed by the Chatham Manufacturing Company in the 1950s, now... 

Brooks, M.M., Regenerated Protein Fibres a Preliminary Review , in Handbook of Textile Fibre Structure, Volume II Natural, Regenerated, Inorganic and Specialist Fibres, editors Eichhom, S.J., Hearle, J.W.S., Jaffe, M., and Kikutani, T, Woodhead Pubhshing Limited, 2009. 

Environmental concerns have regenerated interest in the use of natural fibres for a much wider variety of products, including high-tech applications such as geotextiles, and in composite materials for automotive and light industry use. This new study covers the chemical and physical structure of these natiual fibres fibre, yam and fabric production dyeing handle and wear characteristics economics environmental and health and safety issues. 

Applied to polymers, i.e., rubbers, fibres or plastics, manufactured by a process which reforms a naturally-occurring substance, e.g., rayon from regenerated cellulose. See Synthetic. Manometer... 

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