Refrigerant liquid

Attenuation Another alternative to intensification is attenuation, using a hazardous material under the least hazardous conditions. Thus large quantities of liquefied chlorine, ammonia, and petroleum gas can be stored as refrigerated liquids at atmospheric pressure instead of storing them under pressure at ambient temperature. (Leaks from the refrigeration eqmpment should also be considered, so there is probably no net gain in refrigerating quantities less than a few hundred tons.) Dyestuffs which form explosive dusts can be handled as slurries. 

Transportation is by railroad tank vehiele, by tank truek, or by pipeline. In this ease, transportation at ambient temperature is the best ehoiee. The ehoiee of storing ammonia at an ambient temperature liquid or partially refrigerated liquid or an ambient pressure liquid depends mostly on eeonomie faetors. One of the faetors that determines the storage method is the quantity of ammonia to be stored. 

The facility stores ammonia to supply nearby fertilizer manufacturers. It is transported to the plant by ship, transferred and stored in the tank for transfer as needed. The facility mainly consists of a storage tank, a refrigeration system, a control system, and a pipe connecting the tank with the plants. Ammonia is transported and stored as a refrigerated liquid (-33 C) at atmospheric pressure. 

The released ammonia forms a pool of refrigerated liquid which evaporates by heat transfer from the soil. A constant mass value was assumed for the evaporation rate and a heavier-than-air gas dispersion model was used. 

Hirst, W. J. S., and J. A. Eyre. 1983. Maplin Sands experiments 1980 Combustion of large LNG and refrigerated liquid propane spills on the sea. Heavy Gas and Risk Assessment II. Ed. by S. Hartwig. pp. 211-224. Boston D. Reidel. 

Combustion behavior differed in some respects between continuous and instantaneous spills, and also between LNG and refrigerated liquid propane. For continuous spills, a short period of premixed burning occurred immediately after ignition. This was characterized by a weakly luminous flame, and was followed by combustion of the fuel-rich portions of the plume, which burned with a rather low, bright yellow flame. Hame height increased markedly as soon as the fire burned back to the liquid pool at the spill point, and assumed the tilted, cylindrical shape that is characteristic of a pool fire. 

Radiation effects, as well as combustion behavior, were measured. LNG and refrigerated liquid propane cloud fires exhibited similar surface emissive power values of about 173 kW/m. ... 

High pressure steam lines Low pressure steam lines Vacuum steam lines Compressed air lines Refrigerant vapor lines High pressure Low pressure Refrigerant liquid Brine lines Ventilating ducts Register grilles... 

Molten heat transfer salts Refrigerant liquids Hydraulic fluid... 

Refrigerant Liquid Line to Economizer/Storage Vessel... 

Cryogenic liquid—A refrigerated liquid gas having a boiling point below -130°F (-90°C) at atmospheric pressure. 

Open-Cycle Operation. In many chemical processes, the product to be cooled can itself be used as the refrigerating liquid. An example of this is in gathering plants for natural gas. Gas from the wells is cooled, usually after compression and after some of the heavier components are removed as liquid. This liquid maybe expanded in a refrigeration cycle to further cool the compressed gas, which causes more of the heavier components to condense. Excess liquid not used for refrigeration is drawn off as product. A typical open-cycle is shown in Figure 12. 

Methane, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid) or natural gas, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid - with high methane content) 1972... 

Liquid sulphur dioxide finds occasional use as a refrigerating liquid for the manufacture of ice and as a solvent for the extraction of fats and oils from bones and other waste animal matter. It is also employed in the refining of natural petroleum, owing to its property of dissolving aromatic and other heavy hydrocarbons which are present in petroleum distillates.1 When the distillate is shaken with liquid sulphur dioxide at a low temperature, separation into two layers occurs, one of which is the sulphur dioxide solution, the other the purified distillate containing paraffin hydrocarbons and naphthenes, which remain unaffected. 

The refrigerant liquid partially flashes to a vapor as it flows through the letdown valve. The flashing represents the conversion of the sensible heat of the refrigerant to latent heat of vaporization. In Fig. 22.1, the refrigerant is chilled from 100 to 40°F. Approximately 25 percent of the liquid flashes to a vapor to provide this autorefrigeration. 

The partially vaporized refrigerant flows into the evaporator. In Fig. 22.1, the evaporator shown is similar to a kettle-type reboiler (see Chap. 5). The process fluid flows through the tube side of the kettle evaporator. The refrigerant liquid level is maintained by the letdown valve. The refrigerant vapor flows from the top of the kettle, to the compressor suction. 

Evaporator. In this H/Ex, metered refrigerant liquid (dilute lithium bromide) from the condenser is sprayed over the evaporator tubes and vaporizes under the vacuum in the evaporator, creating a refrigerating effect. (The vacuum is created by the hygroscopic action of the lithium bromide with water in the absorber). Chilled water is on the other side of the H/Ex, and is cooled from 54°F to 44°F (12.2°C to 6.7°C). 

The refrigeration duty must be sufficient to sub-cool the incoming refrigerant liquid phase, partially condense the inlet refrigerant vapour and, thus, cool and liquefy the natural gas. The refrigeration duty required to condense and sub-cool the refrigerant is normally a large portion of the total duty. 

Uses of ammonia. The various uses of ammonia include the use of the compound both as such and in the form of other compounds made from ammonia. In the liquid state, much ammonia is used as the refrigerant liquid in commercial refrigeration plants and in the manufacture of ice. Some liquid ammonia is used both in the laboratory and commercially as a solvent, and its solvent properties are in many respects similar to those of water. Great quantities of ammonia are used in the manufacture of nitric acid, sodium hydrogen carbonate, normal sodium carbonate, aqueous ammonia (or ammonium hydroxide), ammonium salts for use as fertilizers, and many other useful chemicals. 

The operation of refrigeration units in which liquid sulfur dioxide is used as the refrigerant liquid... 

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