Reforming by partial oxidation

Horng, R.-F., Chen, C.-R., Wu, T.-S. and Chan, C.-H. (2006) Cold start response of a small methanol reformer by partial oxidation reforming of hydrogen for fuel cell. Appl. Therm. Eng., 26, 1115—1124. 

Synthesis Gas Chemicals. Hydrocarbons are used to generate synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, for conversion to other chemicals. The primary chemical made from synthesis gas is methanol, though acetic acid and acetic anhydride are also made by this route. Carbon monoxide (qv) is produced by partial oxidation of hydrocarbons or by the catalytic steam reforming of natural gas. About 96% of synthesis gas is made by steam reforming, followed by the water gas shift reaction to give the desired H2 /CO ratio. 

Synthesis gas, a mixture of CO and o known as syngas, is produced for the oxo process by partial oxidation (eq. 2) or steam reforming (eq. 3) of a carbonaceous feedstock, typically methane or naphtha. The ratio of CO to may be adjusted by cofeeding carbon dioxide (qv), CO2, as illustrated in equation 4, the water gas shift reaction. 

Conventional Transportation Fuels. Synthesis gas produced from coal gasification or from natural gas by partial oxidation or steam reforming can be converted into a variety of transportation fuels, such as gasoline, aviation turbine fuel (see Aviation and other gas turbine fuels), and diesel fuel. A widely known process used for this appHcation is the Eischer-Tropsch process which converts synthesis gas into largely aHphatic hydrocarbons over an iron or cobalt catalyst. The process was operated successfully in Germany during World War II and is being used commercially at the Sasol plants in South Africa. 

There are different sources for obtaining synthesis gas. It can be produced by steam reforming or partial oxidation of any hydrocarbon ranging from natural gas (methane) to heavy petroleum residues. It can also... 

CAR [Combined autothermal reforming] A "reforming process for making "syngas from light hydrocarbons, in which the heat is provided by partial oxidation in a section of the reactor. Developed by Uhde and commercialized at an oil refinery at Strazske, Slovakia, in 1991. 

In the case of synthesis gasoline or diesel fuel from natural gas (GTL), synthesis gas is produced by a combination of steam reforming and partial oxidation processes (combined reforming) to achieve a H2 CO ratio of generally 2.1 1. This means that the overall process energy demand can be reduced to its minimum. The individual reactions are ... 

Liquid fuels such as distillate, naphtha, diesel oils, and heavy fuel oil can be reformed in partial oxidation reformers. All commercial POX reactors employ noncatalytic POX of the feed stream by oxygen in the presence of steam with reaction temperatures of approximately 1,300 to 1,500°C (2,370 to 2,730°F) (18). For illustration, the overall POX reaction for pentane is... 

Hydrogen production by catalytic steam reforming and partial oxidation of hydrocarbons has been the most efficient, economically and widely used process for the... 

Hydrogen production by partial oxidation is similar to production by catalytic steam reforming. The process basically involves the conversion of steam, oxygen and hydrocarbons to hydrogen and carbon oxides. The process proceeds at moderately high pressures with or without a catalyst depending on the feedstock and process selected. The catalytic POX, which occurs at about 865 K, will work with feedstock ranging from methane to naphtha. The non-catalytic POX, which occurs... 

With A//227 = 204.8 kJ, while the maximum attainable yield is 208.5 g of alkenes C H2 per Nm of a mixture of 2 CO and H2 for complete conver-sion. The CO/H2 is usually called synthesis gas, or in short syngas. The production of syngas, either by partial oxidation or steam reforming, can account for over 60% of the total cost of the F-T complex since the gasification process is highly endothermic and therefore a high-energy input is required. ... 

Crude hydrogen for industry is most economically made today by cracking hydrocarbons (Section 7.3), steam reforming or partial oxidation of methane, or the water-gas reaction (Section 9.3), but if very pure hydrogen and/or oxygen are required, or if electricity is inexpensive, water may... 

Synthesis gas is prepared by the steam reforming or partial oxidation of a liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon feedstock, or by direct combination of carbon dioxide wilh purified hydrogcn-ricli gases. Economic considerations usually favor the steam-re form mg route for a naphtha or natural gas... 

Hydrogen as the most efficient and cleanest energy source for fuel-cell power is produced by partial oxidation followed by the water gas-shift reaction and reforming of hydrocarbons or methanol [58]. A small amount of CO (0.3-1%) in the so-produced H2 must be selectively removed because CO greatly poisons Pt/C and Pt-M/C electrocatalysts in proton-exchange-membrane (PEM) fuel cells [59, 60]. PROX of CO in excess H2 is a key reaction in the practical use of H2 in PEM fuel-cell systems. 

Hydrogen production by partial oxidation of SRC-II oil versus steam reforming of refinery gases and naphtha. 

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