Reflective type

DOD (C.V.), CHENG (C.C.), SIMPSON (W.A.), DEEDA (D.A.), SMITH (J.H.), The analysis of reflection type coils for eddy current testing, DAK Ridge Normal Laboratory, US atomic energy commission. 

Figure 7. Exemplary Raman sensor layouts a reflection-type probe with single excitation fibre and collection fibre bundle b angular probe with internal laser diode c sensing fibre probe.

Automatic instruments are usually reflection-type instruments that measure the deflection of a beam of light as it passes from one medium, into the sample and then is reflected back to a detector. The angle at which the light beam exits the medium is related to the refractive index of the sample. Automated instruments are calibrated with standard substances of precisely known refractive index prior to use. 

Figure 11.17 Temperature probes for contact measurement, (a) The reflection-type probe, (b) the transmission-type probe.

Figure 5.2. (a) Reflection-type photomicrograph showing step patterns due to growth observed on low-index (0001) face of hematite, (b) Phase contrast photomicrograph showing etch figures on (111) face of diamond. 

The earliest interest in surface microtopographs observable on crystal faces developed in the 1920s these observations were made using reflection-type microscopes on etch figures seen in natural mineral crystals [1], [2]. At that time. 

The time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) analysis was performed on a CAMECA ION-TOF Model IV spectrometer. This instrument was equipped with a reflection-type ToF mass analyzer and a pulsed 25 kV primary... 

However, when the content of the microlithotype vitrite was plotted against fluidity, the result was a considerable improvement though several points still fell off the trend line. To examine this relation between vitrite content and fluidity further, we used reflectivity data that had been obtained on the vitrinitic portion of each size fraction. The reflectance types ranged from VI0 to VI3. (The term reflectance type as used in this paper is equivalent to vitrinoid type as used by Schapiro et al. (2)). The vitrite content of... 

V10-VI6. reflectance types VP Pitted, mylonitized vitrinite. b Mineral matter calculated according to Parr s formula (2). 

Using the new light-reflecting type of deterioration sensor to accurately detect the concentration of finer insolubles in the oil enables more precise evaluation of oil deterioration. The basic elements of this construction are the light emitting element, the prism, and the light receiving element. There is a correlation between the increase in concentration of insolubles separated out at a speed of 20,000 G and sensor output (Tomita et ah, 1995). 

Ultrasonic flowmeters were first introduced in Japan, in 1963, by Tokyo Keiki (now Tokimec). Today, they are used on all types of process fluids (Table 3.95). Transit-time designs are used on clean fluids, and Doppler reflection types are used on dirty, slurry-type streams. The clamp-on designs can... 

The shift and the width of the ground state in pionic hydrogen and deuterium have been determined in a series of experiments of the ETHZ-Neuchatel-PSI collaboration by measuring the 3-1 transition at 2886 eV with a reflection type crystal spectrometer [10]. An array of 6 cylindrically bent quartz crystals had been used in order to increase the statistics of the experiment. The pions were stopped in a cryogenic target inside a superconducting magnet (cyclotron trap I) and the X-rays were detected with CCD detectors developed at the University of Neuchatel. 

Fig. 22. An STM image of a HOPG surface obtained with the reflective type setup.

A "PC projection panel" and overhead projection of the spreadsheet greatly eases viewing of the computer video output. The PC projection panel provides an overhead projection of the computer screen so that all review team members can easily and simultaneous observe and comment on the recorded information as it is being recorded. The PC projection panel consist of a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel that duplicates data, text or graphics, generated from the computer screen. When placed on an overhead projector the LCD image is projected onto a projector screen or a wall. Personal computer screens are viewable by only two or three personnel at a time. A typical review involves at least 5 personnel, so the PC projection pad enables all participants to view the software worksheet as it is prepared (note a "reflective" type of overhead projector will not operate with the PC projection panel, direct illumination from below the panel is required). Further details of a typical PC projection panel are provided in Appendix F. 

Infrared Spectrophotometry. A research grade infrared spectrophotometer equipped with a 6-power reflectance type beam condenser and a micro-die for 1.5 mm. KBr pellets was used. 

X-ray and electron diffraction techniques have been used to obtain the data on epitaxy. X-ray diffraction methods are particularly useful for thick oxide films and have the advantage of giving diffraction patterns from both the oxide film and the metal suhstrate. For oxide films less than several hundred Angstroms thick, electron diffraction techniques are necessary in most cases, hi general, an electron diffraction pattern is not obtained from the metal substrate unless the oxide film is extremely thin, the surface is only partially covered with oxide, or the metal surface is rough. Reflection type diffraction techniques have been used with bulk specimens and transmission techniques with thin specimens and stripped oxide films from bulk metal specimens. Bach technique has its special advantages and limitations, but these will not be discussed here. 

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