Slurry types

Tubular reactors have been the main tools to study continuous flow processes for vapor or gas-phase reactions. These are also used for reaction in tv o flowing phases over a solid catalyst. When the catalyst is in a fixed bed, the contact between the liquid on the outside surface of the particulate is uncertain. For slurry-type solid catalyst the residence time of the catalyst or the quantity in the reactor volume can be undefined. 

The effect of physical processes on reactor performance is more complex than for two-phase systems because both gas-liquid and liquid-solid interphase transport effects may be coupled with the intrinsic rate. The most common types of three-phase reactors are the slurry and trickle-bed reactors. These have found wide applications in the petroleum industry. A slurry reactor is a multi-phase flow reactor in which the reactant gas is bubbled through a solution containing solid catalyst particles. The reactor may operate continuously as a steady flow system with respect to both gas and liquid phases. Alternatively, a fixed charge of liquid is initially added to the stirred vessel, and the gas is continuously added such that the reactor is batch with respect to the liquid phase. This method is used in some hydrogenation reactions such as hydrogenation of oils in a slurry of nickel catalyst particles. Figure 4-15 shows a slurry-type reactor used for polymerization of ethylene in a sluiTy of solid catalyst particles in a solvent of cyclohexane. 

Fig ure 4-15. A slurry-type reaotor (e.g., for C2H4 polymerization). (Source J. M. Smith, Chemioal Engineering Kinetios, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1981.)... 

The ordn uses for polypropylene are varied. It is used in the fabrication of personnel body armor (Refs 6 7) in slurry-type expls for the demolition of concrete structures (Ref 11) as a microporous hydrazine-air (cathode) separator in fuel cells (Ref 9) as a propint binder matl, particularly in caseless ammo, (Refs 5 8) and as a candidate to act as a proplnt aging inhibitor for the 155mm RAP round (Ref 10) Refs 1) Beil 1, 196, (82), [167], 677 and (725) 2) A.V. Topchiev V.A. Krentsel,... 

Epoxides such as ethylene oxide and higher olefin oxides may be produced by the catalytic oxidation of olefins in gas-liquid-particle operations of the slurry type (S7). The finely divided catalyst (for example, silver oxide on silica gel carrier) is suspended in a chemically inactive liquid, such as dibutyl-phthalate. The liquid functions as a heat sink and a heat-transfer medium, as in the three-phase Fischer-Tropsch processes. It is claimed that the process, because of the superior heat-transfer properties of the slurry reactor, may be operated at high olefin concentrations in the gaseous process stream without loss with respect to yield and selectivity, and that propylene oxide and higher... 

As a final example of the application of gas-liquid-particle operation to a process involving a gaseous reactant and a solid catalyst, the possibility of polymerizing ethylene in, for example, a slurry operation employing a metal or metal oxide catalyst can be cited. It has been suggested that the good control of reaction conditions obtained in a slurry-type operation may be of importance in the production of certain types of polyethylene (Rl). 

Fig. 39 —Surface profiles of disk substrates polished in different slurries (a) before polishing, (b) polished in the slurry Type I, (c) polished in the slurry Type II.

Fig. 48—AFM and SEM images of the surfaces polished in two conditions (a) polished in the Type III slurry with powder of 250 nm in diameter, (b) polished in UFD slurry (Type I), (c) polished in the Type III slurry with powder of 250 nm in diameter, (d) polished by UFD slurry (Type I), (e) polished in the Type III slurry with powder of 250 nm in diameter (40,000x), (f) polished by UFD slurry (40,000x).

Slurry type Balanced density Viscous Low viscosity Balanced density Viscous Low viscosity... 

Quite similar to direct discharge storages are slurry types (Figure 141). They differ from direct discharge types only because the heat transfer fluid also contains microencapsulated PCM. The micro encapsulated PCM increases the stored heat per volume of heat transfer fluid, which again has to be a fluid... 

Figure 187. Types of ice storage tanks, Left Ice on coil type, Center Slurry type, Right Encapsulated type...

Figure 191. Slurry type using thin glycol solution...

Reported residue conversion is significantly high for the five types of included reactors and largest for the slurry type of reactor. Besides, the slurry reactor together with the ebullated bed reactor can handle heaviest feedstocks and highest metal contents. Resid conversion requires higher temperatures, and pressure drop is essentially zero in these two reactors. However, product quality is better for the fixed and moving bed processes. 

NDS slurry-type adsorption HCI and NaOH High SO brine 0 0 0 Low SO4 level. Low running cost. Non-toxic. Requires repeated maintenance. 

CA 61, 4143 (1964) (A high-bulk strength slurry-type blasting compn, such as contg AN 26.5, water 11.0, TNT 27.0, NaN03 15.0, ferrophosphorus 20.0 guar gum 0.5%)... 

R.B. Clay L.L. Udy, USP 3249476(1966) CA 65, 2059(1966) and its USReissue 26804(1970) CA 72, 123587r(1970) [The crystn point of the AN soln used to prep AN-soln-based slurry type expl compns is lowered without substantial loss of energy in the final slurry and a more detenable blasting agent is provided by substituting a portion of 39—85%... 

H.R.Fee R.W. Lawrence, LTSP 3318740 (1967) CA 67, 55844s (1967) [An aqueous slurry-type blasting agent is provided by a mixt of 12—20% water, 1-118 (preferably 5-14%) sensitizer such as hexamethylenetetramine mononitrate (I), dinitrate or a mixt of the two, 45-65% AN, 5-20% NaNOa and 0.2-5.0 (preferably 0.5—2.0%) guar-gum thickener in cross-linked form. A supplemental sensitizer such as fine Al, Mg AI or C (or hydrocarbon oil) may be used, especially if less than 5% of... 

J.A. Arbie, USP 3321344(1967) CA 67, 66206m (1967) [Aq slurry-type expl compns contg AN and an expl sensitizer (such as TNT, DNT or smokeless propint) have attained commercial acceptance. These compns have been improved by inclusion of gelling agents (such as the cross-linked, partly hydrolyzed polyacrylamide described >n USP 3097120 ... 

CA 68, 51485y(1968) [Nitrocarbonitrate blasting slurry compns contg flaked Al and DNT as sensitizers, are described. Prior-art inorg oxidizer salt expl compns of the aq-slurry type had generally not been detonable unless hazardous material (such.as PETN, TNT, etc) was included. In accordance with Ferguson s invention, slurry-type expls are provided that contain a combination of 3—20% flake Al, with 2—15% DNT (as sensitizer), 8-25% water, 30—75% of an inorg oxidizer, and 0.2—5% of a... 

CA 73, 7 )084u(1970) (Continuation-in-part of USP 3442729 CA 71, 14740u) [Aqueous slurry-type Blasting Explosives contg a den-sified NC sensitizer, which is more sensitive... 

Saccharose hydrogenolysis was performed in a slurry type reactor in presence of a 5% Ru/carbon catalyst. Modification of pH during the reaction can increase the yield of 1,2-propane diol and glycerol noticeably. An adsorbed complex is proposed to account for the difference in selectivity for various Cg and Cg sugars. 

Experiments were carried out in a three phase slurry type reactor with aqueous sugar solutions. Hydrogen was fed into the reactor through a flow regulation device (A). The stainless steel reactor was heated electrically and the temperature controlled by a powerstat. It was equipped with a magnetically driven variable speed stirrer. 

Composition EL-387A EL-387B. The Eastern Laboratory of the Du Pont Company developed two slurry-type expls which could be poured on or pumped into continuous tubes of varying sizes down to 1 in diam. The compn props... 

---