Refinery catalysts

Sulfuiized and sulfurchlorinated unsaturated compounds and meicaptans are used as lubricant additives (antiwear, friction modification, load-carrying, extreme pressure and temperature, corrosion inhibition, and antioxidants), refinery catalyst regeneration compounds, steel processing (annealing) aids, and vulcanization catalysts (see Lubrication and lubricants). 

Miscellaneous Refinery catalyst regenerator Municipal incinerators Apartment incinerators Spray drying Precious metal refining... 

Eor most gas process environments-refineries, catalyst development sites, research and development and plant laboratories-a knowledge of the exact composition of the... 

Arsenic compounds can be very effective corrosion inhibitors but their toxicity, ineffectiveness in hydrochloric acids above 17% active and in the presence of H S, and their ability to poison refinery catalysts has limited their use (148). Epoxy resins have been coated onto metal surfaces and cured with a polyamine to reduce corrosion (149). 

Anonymous, "Refinery Catalysts are a Fluid Business", Chem. 

Today, heterogeneous catalysis dominates the petrochemicals and the bulk chemicals industry [2]. The sales of refinery catalysts topped 2 billion ( 2.7 billion) in 2005,... 

Global M A activity in the chemical industry peaked during 1998 and 1999 at about EUR 100 billion p.a., reflecting the equity markets support of such transactions. The market s focus on cost restructuring later led to a fall in M A to an annual volume of about EUR 15-25 billion. Recent industrial buyer-driven transactions in chemicals include Lubrizol s acquisition of Noveon in June 2004, Cytec s acquisition of Surface Specialties from UCB in early 2005, and Albemarle s acquisition of Akzo Refinery Catalysts in August 2004. 

Refinery catalysts Catalytic cracking Zeolites, silica-alumina... 

Some refinery catalysts are regenerated repeatedly as part of the commercial process (e.g., FCC catalysts). In this case the regeneration facility is part of the on-site process. Regeneration can be performed with rental equip-... 

From QC to SPC. A nev quality control (QC) function for Exxon Chemical Company vas established at one of the Exxon laboratories in 1980. Exxon Research and Development Laboratories at Baton Rouge, Louisiana vas chosen, because a similar function already existed for refinery catalysts, and because analytical and professional capabilities at this location superbly met our needs. 

Last but not the least, criterion for good performance of a catalyst system is its crush strength. A refinery catalyst unit is liable to encounter upsets during its run length. A quality that a refiner looks for in the catalyst is its ability to sustain such upsets without any adverse impact on its performance. 

A number of FCC catalysts was used in the present study. For comparison of the effects of quinoline and phenanthrene additions to the n-hexadecane feedstock a model catalyst of composition, zeolite US-Y (30%), silica binder (25%), Kaolin (25%) and ps do Boehmite matrix (20%) was used. Quinoline and phenanthrene additions to the n-hexadecane amounted to 1% and 10%. The catalysts used to assess the effect of composition on product yields varied from a basic matrix material through a variety of zeolitic catalysts containing 20% zeolite and 15% silica binder, the remainder being clay, to a pure zeolite catalyst. Data for all the catalysts used are presented in Table 1. In addition for the C NMR analysis a sample of coked refinery catalyst obtained from a unit processing heavy feedstock was obtained. The coke level on this catalyst was 0.9% and 30g. of this catalyst was demineralised by standard HF treatment to produce a 250 mg sample of coke concentrate containing 65% carbon. 

Elemental analysis of petroleum shows that the major constituents are carbon and hydrogen with smaller amounts of sulfur (0.1-8% w/w), nitrogen (0.1-1.0% w/w), and oxygen (0.1-3% w/w), and trace elements such as vanadium, nickel, iron, and copper present at the part per milHon (ppm) level. Of the non-hydrocarbon (heteroelements) elements, sulfur is the most abundant and often considered the most important by refiners. However, nitrogen and the trace metals also have deleterious effects on refinery catalysts and should not be discounted because of relative abundance. Process units with, for example, a capacity of 50,000 bbl/day that are in operation continuously can soon reflect the presence of the trace elements. The effect of oxygen, which also has an effect on refining catalysts, has received somewhat less study than the other heteroelements but remains equally important in refining. 

To satisfy the requirements of catalytic facilities in our refineries, catalyst production and sales have been thriving. Precise statistics for the catalyst industry are not available. But, in our evaluation, current sales of the main catalysts for cracking, reforming, and hydrogen pretreatment, are probably at an annual rate of 165 million dollars. Considering the future development of the apphcation of catalysis to the petroleum industry, sales may attain, by 1965, a level of 325 million dollars (see Table IV) (8). 

Refinery Catalysts are a Fluid Business, Chemical Week, July 26, 1978, pp 41-44. 

Several operations employing a catalyst may be part of the petroleum refinery. The management of catalyst inventory represents an important part of the overall refinery cost. As shown in Fig. 2, the development of refining is closely connected with the growth of the use catalysts. In the past, refining catalysts accounted for more than half of the total worldwide catalyst consumption. Today because of the importance of environmental catalysis, refining catalysts account for about one third of the total catalyst consumption. Future advances in development of more active and stable catalysts may further decrease the overall consumption of refinery catalyst. 

Albemarle s combined net sales rose from US 941 M in 2000 to US 1110 M in 2003, despite very difficult trading conditions. Net income fell in the same period from US 102 M to US 72 M, and long-term debt rose from US 97 M to US 228 M These figures are partly explained by the fact that several acquisitions have been made. They included Akzo Nobel s refinery catalysts, the Korean distributor Taerim, Arkema s fine chemicals bromine business, Rhodia s phosphorus based flame retardants business for polyurethanes, the fuel and lubricant antioxidants business of Ethyl, the fine chemicals business of ChemEirst, and Martinswerk. 

Net sales at Albemarle for the third quarter ending September 30, 2004 nevertheless included consequences of the acquisition of a refinery catalysts business fiom Akzo Nobel, which only partly explains why sales rose to 413.9 M from 276.6 M for the same quarter of 2003. 

Our world would look very different without the catalysts that have been developed over the last 100 years. For example, supplying food for about 6 billion people on earth would be impossible without the catalytic transformation of nitrogen from air into ammonia, as only the latter allows the production of fertilizers for food production on today s scale. Without refinery catalysts we would certainly have much higher energy prices and would run out of oil much earlier. 

Many refinery catalysts are regenerated several times. The regeneration of FCC catalysts occurs in the (aptly named) regenerator. Catalysts from fixed-bed units can be regenerated in place, but usually they are sent off-site to a facility that specializes in catalyst regeneration. 

Mixing alcohols, such as methanol or isopropanol, with acid can help unload spent acid in gas well stimulation. This is because alcohol decreases the surface tension of acidizing fluids without adsorbing on the formation like a surfactant. Alcohols react with HCl above 185°F to produce organic chlorides, which poison refinery catalysts in downstream operations. Therefore, alcohols should only be used as additives in gas well acidizing. 

Many nitrogen compounds can contaminate refinery catalysts. They tend to be the most difficult class of compounds to hydrogenate so the nitrogen content remaining in the product of a hydrotreater is a measure of the effective-... 

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