Reference entity definition

The Supplement Relating to Successor and Credit Events to the 1999 ISDA Credit Derivatives Definitions was introduced on 28 November 2001 to clarify the treatment of reference entities which may be affected by a succession event (for example mergers, demergers, or corporate reorganisations). The successor is determined by considering... 

These are the characteristics which need to be specified and their achievement controlled, assured, improved, managed, and demonstrated. These are the characteristics which form the subject matter of the specified requirements referred to in ISO 9000. When the value of these characteristics is quantified or qualified they are termed quality requirements or requirements for quality. ISO 8402 1994 defines requirements for quality as an expression of the needs or their translation into a set of quantitatively or qualitatively stated requirements for the characteristics of an entity to enable its realization and examination. While rather verbose, this definition removes the confusion over quality requirements and technical requirements. (An additional definition is provided in Appendix A.) Technical requirements for a product or service are quality requirements. The requirements of ISO 9000 are quality system requirements. 

There are some scientists and philosophers who still claim that a model by definition "furnishes a concrete image" and "does not constitute a theory." 10 But if the model is the mathematical description, then the question of whether the model is the theory appears to become moot, since most people accept the view that rigorous mathematical deduction constitutes theory. For others, like Hesse and Kuhn, even if the model is a concrete image leading to the mathematical description, it still has explanatory or theoretical meaning, for, as Kuhn put it, "it is to Bohr s model, not to nature, that the various terms of the Schrodinger equation refer." 11 Indeed, as is especially clear from a consideration of mathematical models in social science, where social forces are modeled by functional relations or sets of mathematical entities, the mathematical model turns out to be so much simpler than the original that one immediately sees the gap between a "best theory" and the "real world." 12... 

With the introduction of the lattice structure and electroneutrality condition, one has to define two elementary SE units which do not refer to chemical species. These elementary units are l) the empty lattice site (vacancy) and 2) the elementary electrical charge. Both are definite (statistical) entities of their own in the lattice reference system and have to be taken into account in constructing the partition function of the crystal. Structure elements do not exist outside the crystal and thus do not have real chemical potentials. For example, vacancies do not possess a vapor pressure. Nevertheless, vacancies and other SE s of a crystal can, in principle, be seen , for example, as color centers through spectroscopic observations or otherwise. The electrical charges can be detected by electrical conductivity. 

Throughout the discussions in Sections 8.15-8.18, we have emphasized methods for obtaining expressions for the chemical potential of a component when we choose to treat the thermodynamic systems in terms of the species that may be present in solution. A complete presentation of all possible types of systems containing charged or neutral molecular entities is not possible. However, no matter how complicated the system is, the pertinent equations can always be developed by the use of the methods developed here, together with the careful definition of reference states or standard states. We should also recall at this point that it is the quantity (nk — nf) that is determined directly or indirectly from experiment. 

An electronic signature is a legal concept that was defined in [DIR] as data in electronic form that is attached to, or logically associated with, other electronic data, and which serve as a method of authentication. That definition has a very wide sense to be open to various technologies, both current ones and those that may come in future. An electronic signature refers to data authentication, not to the authentication of entities. 

Extrapolation results are, by definition, predictions on the performance of entities for which data are lacking. Both from a scientific perspective as well as from the perspective of practical decisions based on extrapolation, there is a need to consider not only the outcomes of an extrapolation per se but also the question of whether the outcome is supported by a certain degree of validity. All this relates to the issue generally referred to as validation. ... 

Except where the context requires otherwise, the term refers to a set of -> molecular entities containing isotopes in their natural abundance. The wording of the definition given in the first paragraph is intended to embrace both cases, such as graphite, sodium chloride, or a surface oxide, where the basic structural units may not be capable of isolated existence, as well as those cases where they are. In common chemical usage, generic and specific chemical names (such as -> radical or hydroxide ion) or chemical formulae refer either to a chemical species or to a molecular entity. 

Note definitions which are not followed by parenthetical dimensions refer to dimensionless entities. 

The medical school definition of multiple sclerosis (MS) is demyelination within the central nervous system that varies in space and time. The term refers to a disorder in which patches of demyelination develop during exacerbations. In the most common forms of MS, exacerbations are separated by varying periods of time in which the disease does not appear to progress. Whether progressive demyelination without clear periods of remission should be considered a form of MS is a matter of definition, about which clinicians specializing in the care of patients with this disorder have argued. Conventional medical nomenclature classifies as distinct entities a number of disorders of myelin that can mimic MS clinically. These include, for instance, the sometimes devastating demyelination localized to the pons or the demyelination that can follow infectious diseases and/or vaccinations. 

An inconvenient but more descriptive name for this MS is intermittent, patchy demyelination. This clumsy term makes clear that multiple sclerosis is unlikely to be a single entity in terms of cause (etiology) or disease mechanisms (pathophysiology). In principle, any conditions or combination of conditions that lead to intermittent, patchy demyelination are forms of multiple sclerosis. If a clear cause can be identified, the condition is by convention not referred to as multiple sclerosis. The disease is therefore by definition of unclear etiology. The neurology literature of the last 100 years contains confident declarations that multiple sclerosis has been proven to be a viral disease, that it has been proven not to be a viral disease, that it has been proven to be an immune disease, that immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis have been shown to be secondary to the disease process, and so on. 

Since reference was made to supramolecular chemistry, perhaps it is use fill to remember some definitions. Supramolecular chemistry is the chemistry of molecular assemblies and of the intermolecular bond. It is the chemistry beyond the molecule and deals with organized entities of higher complexity that result from the association oftwo or more chemical species held together by intermolecular forces ... 

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