Reduced cholesterol products

In the bile cholesterol is kept soluble by fats, phospholipids like lecithin and by bile acids. The important bile acids in human bile are cholic acid, chen-odeoxycholic acid or chenodiol and ursodeoxycholic acid or ursodiol. Bile acids increase bile production. Dehydrocholic acid, a semisynthetic cholate is especially active in this respect. It stimulates the production of bile of low specific gravity and is therefore called a hydrocholeretic drug. Chenodiol and ursodiol but not cholic acid decrease the cholesterol content of bile by reducing cholesterol production and cholesterol secretion. Ursodiol also decreases cholesterol reabsorption. By these actions chenodiol and ursodiol are able to decrease the formation of cholesterolic gallstones and they can promote their dissolution. 

For example, the chapter-opening photograph shows a molecular model of atorvastatin, better known as Lipitor . In the body, Lipitor inhibits the action of a key enzyme, called HMG-CoA reductase (we will discuss enzymes in Section 14.7). HMG-CoA reductase is a large complex biomolecule that is critical in the biochemical sequence that synthesizes cholesterol in the liver, and inhibition of its action leads to reduced cholesterol production. The molecules of Lipitor have two properties that lead to their pharmaceutical effectiveness ... 

Niacin reduces plasma LDL cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), triglycerides and raises HDL cholesterol in all types of hyperlipoproteinemia [26]. Although available on the market for more than 40 years, the mechanisms of action of niacin are poorly understood. Putative mechanisms are the activation of adipose tissue LPL, diminished HTGL activity, a reduced hepatic production and release of VLDL, and composi-... 

When properly formulated, soy protein allows for significant cost savings, increased yields, reduced fat, increased protein, reduced cholesterol, reduced sodium and/or reduced calories while maintaining muscle tissue integrity. Applicable finished products include ham, roast beef, chicken, turkey, seafood and other whole muscle foods. Finished product characteristics given specific goals and guidelines are outlined as are new product opportunities. 

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most frequently consumed beverages in the world and, consequently, an important agricultural product [168], It has been proved many times that tea may reduce cholesterol level, hypertension, and shows antioxidant and anti-microbial effects [169], Because of its importance, a considerable number of analytical methods have been developed for the separation and quantitative determination of the constituents of tea [170,171]. Thus, the application of high-speed counter-current chromatography [172,173], and HPLC-APCI-MS [174] have been reported. 

Because HMG CoA reductase occurs before a branch point in the biosynthetic pathway, complete inhibition of the enzyme by cholesterol would necessarily deprive the cell of many other intermediates, some of which are important in cell growth and division. A group of drugs known as statins are widely used to reduce plasma cholesterol concentration by inhibiting HMG CoA reductase. Interest is now rising in the possible use of statins as anticancer drugs due to their impact on reducing the production of mediators of cell proliferation. 

This cholesterol formation reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. One means to stop or reduce the production of cholesterol is to interfere with the supply of mevalonate. This is the function of Lipitor, which acts as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. 

Aminoglutethimide (Cytadren) is a competitive inhibitor of desmolase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone it also inhibits 11-hydroxylase activity. This drug also reduces estrogen production by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme complex in peripheral (skin, muscle, fat) and steroid target tissues. 

Lower incidence of heart disease has also been reported in populations consuming large amounts of soy products. Lowering of cholesterol is probably the best-documented cardioprotective effect of soy. ° Soy protein incorporated into a low-fat diet can reduce cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations and the soy isoflavones are likely to contribute to these effects. Soy isoflavones have been reported to improve cardiovascular risk factors in peripubertal rhesus monkeys, and inflammatory markers in atherosclerotic, ovariecto-mized monkeys. The potential role of phytoestrogens, including isoflavonoids, as cardioprotective agents has been extensively reviewed." ... 

Cholesterol is present in milk at a level of 0.25-0.46%. The interest in removing cholesterol from milk fat has been driven primarily by consumer concern about the possible link between cholesterol and heart disease. Although there is still some debate about the causal relationship between dietary cholesterol and heart disease, a marketing position has been created for low-cholesterol products and this has spurred interest in examining alternative ways of cholesterol removal in the 1980s and 1990s (Schlimme, 1990). A number of physical, chemical and biological processes have been used to reduce the level of cholesterol in milk fat (Boudreau and Arul, 1993). Cholesterol-reduced butter has been introduced on the market in Europe (Anon, 1992). 

Elling, J., Harris, J., Duncan, S.E. 1995. Incorporation of modified butter oil into high-fat dairy products ice cream manufactured with reduced-cholesterol reformulated cream. Dairy Food Environ. Sanit. 15, 738—744. 

In contrast to other animals, rats do not possess a bile bladder. Therefore, cannulation of the bile duct in rats can be used as a suitable model to measure choleretic (increased bile production) or cholestatic (decreased bile production) side effect potential of drug candidates. If the test compound reduces bile production, it is recommended to investigate a putative hyperhpi-demic side effect potential of the drug candidate by its influence on total blood cholesterol and triglycerides in appropriate experimental methods. 

All of these drugs have the same mode of action. They are HMG co-A reductase inhibitors. Simply stated, they inhibit the liver s production of an enzyme that s essential to the manufacture of cholesterol. These are very powerful drugs, the most potent of which are atorvastatin and rosuvastatin, and are capable of reducing cholesterol, especially LDL, by as much as 50 percent or even more. 

This process appears to provide considerable economic and practical advantages over alternative cholesterol reduction technologies, such as steam distillation and supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction. For instance, there is no absorption of vitamins, it is a low-temperature operation, and it has a low capital cost. The only economic concern is that the ratio of the addition of p-cyclodextrin to the cholesterol removed is high, creating the potential for a high-cost process. Even so, the Europeans have commercialized the process, and reduced-cholesterol butter and cheese products have been introduced into the marketplace (49). 

Reduced cholesterol the product has an allowable maximum of 2 g saturated fat and a minimum 25% cholesterol reduction per serving. 

Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are considered to be beneficial bacteria. They positively influence the host and are associated with immunostimulation, improved digestion, and absorption, syntheses of vitamins, inhibiting the growth of potential pathogens, reducing cholesterol, and lowering gas production. These bacteria are classified as probiotic [ 10] and as they are indigenous to the host they can be selectively promoted by the consumption of prebiotics. 

The hypolipidemic effects of niacin may be due to its ability to inhibit lipolysis (i.e.. prevent the release of FFAs and glycerol from fatty tissues). As a consequence, there is a reduced reserve of FFA in the liver and diminution nf lipoprotein binsynthesis. which reduces the production nf VLDL. The decreased formation nf lipoproteins leads to a pool nf unused cholesterol normally incorporated in VLDL. This excess cholesterol is then excreted through the biliary tract. 

At the University of Toronto, studies examining specific dietary effects related to lowering blood cholesterol show that people adhere to a prescribed diet more faithfully and have reduced cholesterol levels when strawberries are included in daily meals. Such diets incorporate fruits, vegetables, soy products, prebiotic fiber (such as from oatmeal), plant sterols, and nuts. Look for references to this work in Appendix D and more information in Part III on the Portfolio diet... 

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