Redox flow battery evaluation

Another type of redox flow battery that utilizes carbon electrodes and soluble reactants involving vanadium compounds in H2S04 is under evaluation [38,39] ... 

Poon G, Parasuraman A, Lim TM, Skyllas-Kazacos M (2013) Evaluation of N-ethyl-N-methyl-morpholinium bromide and N-ethyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinimn bromide as bromine complexing agents in vanadium bromide redox flow batteries. Electrochim Acta 107 388-396. doi 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.06.084... 

Chakrabarti MH, Dryfe RAW, Roberts EPL. Evaluation of electrolytes for redox flow battery applications. Electrochim Acta 2007 52 2189-95. 

A classic example of a hybrid redox flow battery is the zinc-halogen system, such as zinc-bromine, which can be traced back to 1885 [103], and was systematically re-evaluated as a secondary battery in 1964 [104]. Similarly, zinc-chlorine was investigated in the late 1970s and 1980s but was found to be environmentally hazardous (chlorine gas formation) and more complicated in a system level than the zinc-bromine chemistiy. More recently, Lim et al. introduced a circulating aqueous electrolyte to the zinc-bromine battery (ZBB), which dramatically improved the performance of the system [105]. The electrode reactions of a ZBB are ... 

Scamman DP, Reade GW, Roberts EPL (2009) Numerical modelling of a bromide-polysulphide redox flow battery. Part 2 evaluation of a utility-scale system. J Power Sources 189 1231-1239. doi 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.01.076... 

While the properties of the charged positive half-cell electrolyte dictate the performance of the VRFB at elevat temperatures due to the thermal precipitation of V(V) species, optimisation of the negative half-cell electrolyte is required for stable low-temperature operation. The V(II)/V(III) electrolyte is also employed in the vanadium/oxygen redox fuel cell (V/O2) that is currently receiving considerable attention, especially for mobile applications. In this study, the properties of the V(II) and V(III) solutions were evaluated as a function of sulphuric acid concentration and temperature. Electrolyte properties such as density, viscosity and conductivity will vary with temperature and composition, and knowledge of these properties is critical for engineering design and optimisation of both the VRB and V/O2 flow battery systems. 

---