Accelerated electron radiation

G.-J. Hwang and H. Ohya, Cross-linking of anion exchange membrane by accelerated electron radiation as a separator for all-vanadium redox flow battery, J. Membr. Sci., 1997, 132, 55-61. 

Radiation curing is a technology which uses electromagnetic (mainly UV) or ionizing (mainly accelerated electrons) radiation to initiate a chain reaction in which mixtures of polyfunctional compounds are transformed into a cross-linked polymer network. 

SemelovA M, Cuba V, John J, Miicka V (2008) Radiolysis of oxalic and citric acid using gamma rays and accelerated electrons. Radiat Phys Chem 77 884-888 Negrdn-Mendoza A, Ramos BS (1993) Estudio sobre la radolisis del acido citrico y sus implicaciones en procesos de evolucion quimica. Rev Soc Quim Mexico 37 167-173 Simic M, Neta P, Hayon E (1969) Pulse radiolysis of aliphatic acids in aqueous solution. II. Hydroxy and polycarboxylic acids. J Phys Chem 73 4214 219... 

Some improvements in anionic commercial membranes were made possible by irradiation. For example, Hwang and Ohya [133] used accelerated electron radiation to cross-link a commercial membrane based on polysulfone (New-Selemion, Asahi Glass). They proved that these highly cross-linked anion exchange membranes showed a higher coulombic and energy efficiency than Nation membranes when used in an all-vanadium redox flow battery. Application of these membranes in an alkaline fuel cell is also conceivable. 

High-current EC-50 betatron with maximal energy of accelerated electrons equaled to 50 MeV and radiation dose power 220 Gr/min on the distance of Im from the target [3] was made for experimental physical researches and activated analysis. 

If the object of a synchrotron is to accelerate electrons to the highest possible energy, synchrotron radiation is a serious obstacle that limits the energy attainable. On the other hand, the electromagnetic radiation from a synchrotron can be useful for experiments on the properties of solids and for other purposes. For tins reason, some electron synchrotrons are built primarily for the synchrotron radiation they emit. 

Methyl methacrylate can also be polymerized by radiation using either a cobalt-60 source or accelerated electrons at dose rates up to 3 megarads/sec. The activation energy for the electron beam polymerization is about 7.0kcal/ mole (Ref 12). Radical polymerization can also occur using diisocyanates or hydroperoxides as the initiating species (Ref 15)... 

The technique of graft copolymerization is used for the production of radiation-modified fabrics and fibers. The process consists of saturating the fabrics with vinyl monomers and then irradiating it in moist state with accelerated electrons. The fabrics thus produced have improved properties such as resistance to wrinkling and shrinkage, resistance to fire, color-fastness, good launderability, and dissipation of static charge. 

X-Radiation like y-radiation is electromagnetic in nature. It can be emitted when P-particles react with atoms, but is more often electrically generated by accelerating electrons in a vacuum tube. Obviously, the latter source can be switched off. X-rays are extremely penetrating and are merely attenuated by distance and shielding. 

Linear accelerator A device that uses microwave technology to accelerate electrons in a highly focused beam to deliver targeted radiation to tumor sites. 

The electron itself is frequently used as a primary source of radiation, various kinds of accelerators being available for that purpose. Particularly important are pulsed electron sources, such as the nanosecond and picosecond pulse radiolysis machines, which allow very fast radiation-induced reactions to be studied (Tabata et al, 1991). Note that secondary electron radiation always constitutes a significant part of energy transferred by heavy charged particles. For these reasons, the electron occupies a central role in radiation chemistry. 

It is necessary to postulate a dynamic charge distribution as in the well-known, but unrealistic planetary model of the atom. A stable electronic orbit can only be maintained by a constantly accelerated electron, which according to the principles of electrodynamics constitutes a source of radiation. The stability of the atom can simply not be accounted for in terms of classical mechanics. A radically different description of electronic behaviour is required. As a matter of fact, a radically different system of mechanics is required to describe electronic motion correctly and this is where a theoretical understanding of chemistry must start. 

The first application of quantum theory to a problem in chemistry was to account for the emission spectrum of hydrogen and at the same time explain the stability of the nuclear atom, which seemed to require accelerated electrons in orbital motion. This planetary model is rendered unstable by continuous radiation of energy. The Bohr postulate that electronic angular momentum should be quantized in order to stabilize unique orbits solved both problems in principle. The Bohr condition requires that... 

A type of radiation that was not available earlier came into existence and eventually became available to soil scientists. This is the radiation given off by synchrotrons that emit what is called synchrotron radiation (originally considered a waste product of acceleration electrons close to the speed of light). It is described as similar to bright X-rays. This electromagnetic radiation has been used to successfully elucidate the structure and oxidation states of metals in soil and thus their likelihood of becoming environmental pollutants [34],... 

---