Software normalization

Normalization calculations can be tedious, so membrane manufacturers have made available, at no charge, normalization software for their specific membranes. Some chemical vendors and other membrane consultants have software as well, which may or may not be available for public use. Some even have hardware that will download the appropriate data from the PLC or discrete probes to eliminate the need for manual entry of the data. Operators will be able to use the normalization software to review the normalized data, schedule cleanings, and optimize the RO operation. [Pg.247]

Virtually all normalization programs will calculate the normalized permeate flow, normalized salt rejection and/or passage, and differential pressure (some programs normalize it, some do not). Some programs also include net driving pressure as an output as well as the following outputs [Pg.247]

Input Data Raw water Feed Permeate Reject [Pg.248]

Train l TorayTrak Data Normalized SP, Perm Flow [Pg.249]

Other outputs available from at least some normalization programs include [Pg.250]

Concentration factor Salt passage Salt rejection Average system flux Average feed osmotic pressure [Pg.298]

Hydranautics ROData program includes the normalized water transport coefficient and the normalized salt transport coefficient. The water transport coefficient corresponds to the permeability coefficient, A, in equation 4.1. The salt transport coefficient corresponds to the permeability coefficient, K, in equation 4.2. The coefficients should remain constant over normal (ambient) operating conditions. Changes in the [Pg.298]

The testing phase is important in expert system development. The practical applicability of the expert system will largely depend on this phase. Testing expert systems is different from normal software engineering in a number of ways. First, it is difficult to test exhaustively the full code and all possible paths the reasoning process may follow. Secondly, the nature of expert systems poses some typical problems. Due to their heuristic nature the correctness of the results cannot be easily verified. A certain degree of errors may be acceptable and, moreover, an... [Pg.644]

The installation of system software and its associated components is verified according to normal software installation qualification practices. (Refer to Software Installation Qualification in this chapter.)... [Pg.76]

Standard software packages are called canned or COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf) configurable packages. The qualification of standard software packages is performed according to normal software installation and operational qualification practices. (Refer... [Pg.82]

Data management typically means normalization. Normalization software is available from several sources to help interpret RO operating data (see Chapters 11.3 and 12 for more detail about "normalized" data). Membrane manufacturers have normalization software that requires manual input of operating data, but that run the calculations. Some chemical and equipment vendors have software/ hardware packages that collect data and perform all the normalization calculations automatically. In general, RO control packages and PLCs do not come with normalization software. [Pg.119]

Table 11.2 Typical input data required by normalization software programs.

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