Readout head

Fitz sat up, shaking his head clear of Victor Padorin and Vladimir Garudin both. He quite fancied a brandy himself alcohol was supposed to be good at removing stubborn stains. Fortunately, there was only Skoglund to be seen when Fitz opened his eyes - his own eyes. The Professor was absorbed in whatever was unfolding on the readout panel just below one of the exhibit cabinets. 

Head flow meters operate on the principle of placing a restriction in the line to cause a differential pressure head. The differential pressure, which is caused by the head, is measured and converted to a flow measurement. Industrial applications of head flow meters incorporate a pneumatic or electrical transmitting system for remote readout of flow rate. Generally, the indicating instrument extracts the square root of the differential pressure and displays the flow rate on a linear indicator. 

The installation of the sensors can be (1) remote head system (continuous measurement, continuous readout), (2) multiple head system (continuous measurement, sequential readout), and (3) tube sampling system (sequential measurement, continuous readout). Multiple head systems are used where at... 

Orifice plates are the simplest and least expensive flow elements within the head-type and d/p-type sensor family. The total installed cost is relatively independent of pipe diameter because only the cost of the plate is a function of pipe size—the d/p manifold and the d/p readout or transmitter are relatively constant. Consequently the orifice-type installations become more and more cost effective as the pipe size increases. 

Procedure Use a Perkin-Elmer 403 atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a deuterium arc background corrector, a digital readout device, and a burner head capable of handling 20% solids content. Blank the instrument with water following the manufacturer s operating instructions. Aspirate a portion of the Standard Preparation, and record the absorbance as As then aspirate a portion of the Sample Preparation, and record the absorbance as Av. Calculate the lead content, in milligrams per kilogram, of the sample taken by the formula... 

Cold cathode, complete system with readout 820 Hot cathode, complete system with readout 1580 Radiation alphatron, sensing head and amplifier o give mV output, 2850,... 

Figure 1.5 Commercial deposition thickness monitor (courtesy Sloan, Inc.) employing AT-cut, 5-MHz quartz crystal in the sensor head at left. Digital control and readout equipment is shown at right.

Another type of flow meter is the turbine flow meter This meter consists of a wheel with a set of curved blades (turbine blades) mounted inside a duct. The curved blades cause the wheel to rotate as liquid passes through them. The rate at which the wheel rotates is proportional to the rate of flow of the liquid. This rate of rotation is measured magnetically using a blade passing under a magnetic pickup mounted on the outside of the meter. The correlation between the pickup and the liquid rate of flow is calibrated into a readout. Turbine flow meters are also intrusive flow meters however, because rotation is facilitated by the curved blades, the head loss through the unit is small, despite its being intrusive. 

An electronic measuring device is used for the measurement of quantities such as illuminance. It is composed of an amplifier, sensing device, filters, and a readout device. The ICH document does not specify which of the several different detector heads and filters available should be used. Photometric measurements are all weighed for human vision and as such do not measure the true amount of incident radiation. Table 1 listed the correction factors that are applied for a photometric detector and Figures 4 to 6 show how these corrections distort the actual data obtained (29). 

The mechanical difficulties in reading the COF directly for a process may not be commercially feasible, and yet much can be gained by relative measures of COF during a process. Commercial probes are available that can be mounted on the CMP tool and provide a direct readout of the coefficient of friction between the slurry/pad system and the probe head. If the probe head is made from a material that can be used as a good standard for most processes (say sapphire), then relative changes to the COF can be monitored... 

The facility is equipped with an on-line, timed, weight/volume diversion system that diverts the mainstream into the weighing and volumetric tanks while the content of a reserve tank is dumped into the upper holdup tank. In this way, the sudden loss of flow was compensated for and a constant pump head was maintained. The density of the medium can be monitored to within 1 % and was obtained by combining the flow speed and weight readout. A solid weight... 

The term Bio-CD has been coined to refer to platforms which utilize the immobihzation of biological samples on a (semi-)reflective CD or DVD surface [8]. The main optical detection method associated with Bio-CDs is spinning disc interferometry while Bio-CD platforms also utilize ODD technology as a common method for readout via the ODD pickup head. 

An example of a LoaD platform utilizing ODD pickup head readout has been shown for microparticle and cell counting applications... 

Digital versions are available, operating on the same principle except the micrometer measuring head has an LCD readout (Fig. 6.32). The resolution is 0.001 mm/0.0001". 

In some semiautomatic preparation systems, an accessory device (measuring device with digital readout) is coupled directly to the cyUnder stroke of the machine head. This accessory makes it possible to remove a predefined amount of material from the sample as it is held securely in the sample holder. 

The cockpit will grow into an interactive space that may include a heads-up display and/or hehnet visor display. Alternatively, a big picture approach has been suggested in which the entire cockpit display area is one large reconhgurable element that integrates system readouts and controls. Reconfiguration is important where flight mode determines the cockpit display needs. 

The purposes of the optical head are to transmit the laser beam to the optical disk, focus the laser beam to a diffraction limited spot, and to transmit readout signal information from the optical disk to the data... 

Pressure measurement for piping and vessels is achieved by the installation of dial indicators or by distributed control systems. The piping and vessels are tapped at the required location and furnished with a 3/4-in threaded or flanged conneaion and a block valve. Tbe dial indicator is screwed into the block ralve if a remote readout system is required, the valve becomes the sensing connection. Like the thermocouple, the dial can be either fixed or swivel-headed to fecilitate readout. A dual local indicator and transmitter s) em needs only one tapping point. Exhibit 14-9 depicts a typical pressure gauge and a dual-pressure system hookup. 

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