Reactive nitrogen species , reactivity

Darley-Usmar, V., Halliwell, B. (1996). Blood radicals reactive nitrogen species, reactive oxygen species, transition metal ions, and the vascular system. Pharm. Res., 13(5), 649-662. 

Unlike reactive diatomic chalcogen-nitrogen species NE (E = S, Se) (Section 5.2.1), the prototypical chalcogenonitrosyls HNE (E = S, Se) have not been characterized spectroscopically, although HNS has been trapped as a bridging ligand in the complex (HNS)Fc2(CO)6 (Section 7.4). Ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the self-consistent field level, with inclusion of electron correlation, reveal that HNS is ca. 23 kcal mof more stable than the isomer NSH. There is no low-lying barrier that would allow thermal isomerization of HNS to occur in preference to dissociation into H -1- NS. The most common form of HNS is the cyclic tetramer (HNS)4 (Section 6.2.1). 

Hinson, J.A. Reid, A.B. McCullough, S.S. James, L.P. (2004). Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity role of metabolic activation, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, and mitochondrial permeability transition. Drug Metabolism Reviews, Vol.36, No. 3-4, (January 2004), pp. 805-822, ISSN 0360-2532. 

Wiseman H, Halliwell B Damage to DNA by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species role In Inflammatory disease and progression to cancer. BlochemJ 1996 313 17. 

Carotenoid reactions with ROS or RNS (reactive nitrogen species) would generate prooxidative products. ... 

Brennan M-L and et al. (2002) A tale of two controversies. Defining both the role of peroxidases in nitrotyro-sine formation in vivo using eosinophil peroxidase and myeloperoxidase-deficient mice, and the natnre of the peroxidase-generated reactive nitrogen species. J Biol Chem 277 17415-17427. 

Figure 10.1 Ward cascade showing the cooperation between cytoprotective enzymes and antioxidants for scavenging of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species.

Effects of Reactive Nitrogen Species on Prostaglandin H-Catalyzed Processes... 

In contrast to nitric oxide, which is firmly identified in biological systems and for which numerous (but not all) functions are known, the participation of other nitrogen species in biological processes is still hypothetical. At present, the most interest is drawn to the very reactive nitroxyl anion NOT It has been shown that nitroxyl (or its conjugate acid, HNO)... 

It has already been mentioned earlier that similar to LOXs, prostaglandin H synthases can be activated or inhibited by reactive nitrogen species. Nitric oxide may exhibit the inhibitory [58,65,86,101 104] or stimulatory effects [105 110] on PGHSs. Inhibitory effects depend on the ability of nitric oxide to reduce the ferric enzyme to the inactive ferrous form, competition... 

Reactive nitrogen species are another factor of free radical damage in rheumatoid arthritis, although their role is less studied than that of oxygen radicals. Stichtenoth and Frolich [242] pointed out that the inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis had beneficial effects in humans. Mazzetti et al. [243] found that IL-1(3 stimulated NO production in RA chondrocytes. We demonstrated that NO synthase of RA neutrophils generated the enhanced amount of peroxynitrite [234]. Nitric oxide and oxygen radicals are also important inducers of death of human osteoarthritic synoviocytes [244]. 

The latest studies show that reactive nitrogen species play even more important role in asthma development. It was found that exhaled nitrogen oxide, an indicator of eosinophilic airway inflammation, is drastically enhanced in asthmatic patients. Correspondingly, it has been shown that lung damage is characterized by the augmentation of nitrotyrosine and iNOS expression in neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages in the airways of asthmatic patients [266],... 

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