Reactive nitrogen species lipid modification

The impairment of glucose utilization could result from the modification of the glycolytic enzymes under oxidative stress effects. Oxidative stress is an important factor leading to the pathophysiologcal alterations in conformational diseases. Oxidative stress is manifested in protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, DNA oxidation, and advanced glycation end-products, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) formation. Either the oxidants or the products of oxidative stress could modify the proteins or activate other pathways that may lead to additional impairment of cellular functions and to neuronal loss [57, 58]. 

Recall that oxidative stress results from reactive oxygen or nitrogen species that are not fully neutralized by anti-oxidants (see Chapter 24). The increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species results in protein, lipid, and nucleic acid modifications. Many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and Lou Gehrig disease, have in common increased oxidative stress. 

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