Ras oncogenes

Ras genes are frequently mutated in chemically induced animal tumors and are the most frequently detected mutated oncogenes in human tumors. Approximately 20-30% of all human tumors contain mutated ras. The Ras subfamily includes H-ras, K-ras, and N-ra.v, and all have been found to be mutationally activated in numerous types of tumors from a large variety of species including humans. 

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Shvedova et al. [59] demonstrated that inhalation of SWNTs resulted in mutations of the k-ras gene locus in the lung of mice. Among the mutated genes implicated in pulmonary tumorigenesis, the k-ras oncogene is relevant in lung tumors of mice exposed to chemicals. 

Ratnam, S. and Kent, C. (1995) Early increase in choline kinase-activity upon induction of the H-Ras oncogene in mouse fibroblast cell-lines. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 323, 313—322. 

Microinjection of the Ras Oncogene Protein into PC12 Cells Induces Morphological Differentiation, D. Bar-Sagi, J. R. Feramisco, Cell 1985, 42, 841-848. 

Nakamura, Y., Trosko, J. E., Chang, C. C., and Upham, B. L. (2004). Psyllium extracts decreased neoplastic phenotypes induced by the Ha-Ras oncogene transferred into a rat liver oval cell line. Cancer Lett. 203,13-24. 

Figure 21.7 Control of the activity of Ras by a balance of the activities of guanine nucleotide exchange factor and GTPase. GAP is the abbreviation for GTPase-activating factor and GEF for guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Both are enzymes. Both the activities are controlled by stimuli from various cell surface receptors. Ras oncogenes are present in about 30% of all human tumours.

Cysteine farnesylation of the ras oncogene product Ras is required for its transforming... 

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Bernhard EJ, McKenna WG, Hamilton AD, et al. Inhibiting Ras prenylation increases the radiosensitivity of human tumor cell lines with activating mutations of ras oncogenes. Cancer Res 1998 58 1754-1761. 

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