Ramming Process

Ramming is performed on plastic refractory materials and on refractory ramming mixes. 

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Blechinger, Ch., ProCEN - A tool to manage the CENELEC RAMS Process, SIGNAL + DRAHT (96) 4/2004, p. 15-16. 

Description Three RAM processes are available to remove arsenic (RAM I) arsenic, mercury and lead (RAM II) and arsenic, mercury and sulfur from liquid hydrocarbons (RAM III). Described above is the RAM II process. Feed is heated by exchange with reactor effluent and steam (1). It is then hydrolyzed in the first catalytic reactor (2) in which organometallic mercury compounds are converted to elemental mercury, and organic arsenic compounds are converted to arsenic-metal complexes and trapped in the bed. Lead, if any, is also trapped on the bed. The second reactor (3) contains a specific mercury-trapping mass. There is no release of the contaminants to the environment, and spent catalyst and trapping material can be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner. 

Description Two RAM processes are available. In the presence of metallic mercury, a RAM I adsorber will be effective. In the presence of organo metallic mercury and/or arsenic and/or lead, a two-stage process (called RAM II) will effectively purify the stream, whatever its endpoint. 

CENELEC. Cenelec, en 50126 Railway applications - demonstration of reliability, availability, maintainability and safety (rams) - part 1 Generic rams process (2012)... 

The risk simulation differs in main parts from classical safety or reliability simulations, which are more and more common in RAMS-processes. 

There are two t5 es of memory—random access memory (RAM) and read only memory (ROM). The ROM stores the program to be executed and indicates where it is located. The RAM contains the data to be processed. The processor takes data from RAM, processes it according to the program stored in ROM and puts the results back into RAM. 

Eor processing after sintering, in the least expensive method for sintered PTEE tape or sheet, a large billet is skived on a lathe after it has been sintered and cooled. High precision articles are machined from ram-extmded rods. 

A rack and frame press uses heavy nylon cloth positioned in a wooden frame inside a rack. A measured amount of apple or other fmit mash is added from a hopper above the frame. The mash is leveled with a hand trowel and the edges of the nylon cloth are folded over the mash to encase it and create a cheese. The frame is removed, and a second rack is placed on top of the first cheese the process is repeated until a stack of cheeses is prepared. A hydrauhc ram then appHes gradually increa sing pressure on the stack and expresses the juice. A high yield of juice (80%) is obtained and no press aid is required. Because this process is labor intensive (17), it is mostly used for small farm and pilot-plant operations. 

The Bucher-Guyer horizontal rotary press is a highly automated batch process machine that requires no press aid. The press consists of a horizontal hydrauhc ram inside a rotating cylinder containing many flexible rods covered with a knitted synthetic fabric. The rods have serrated surfaces to allow juice which passes through the fabric to flow to the discharge ends. Hydrauhc pressure is apphed for a preset time, the ram is retracted, and the cylinder is rotated to break up the press cake. This cycle is repeated several times before the press cake is removed from the cylinder and the press is cleaned (16). Juice yield for this horizontal rotary press is 84% with secondary water addition it is increased to 92% (15). 

Electronic Controllers Almost all of the electronic process controllers used todav are microprocessor-based devices. These processor-based controllers contain, or have access to, inpuLoutput (I/O) interface electronics that allow various types of signals to enter and leave the controller s processor. The controller, depending on its type, uses sufficient read-only-memoiy (ROM) and read/write-accessible-memoiy (RAM) to perform the controller function. 

Basic types of extruders include axial end plate, radial screen, rotary cyhnder or gear, and ram or piston. For a review, see Newton [Powder Technology Pharmaceutical Processes, Chuha et al. (eds.), Elsevier, 391 (1994).]... 

In a typical process a preform billet is produced by compacting a mixture of 83 parts PTFE dispersion polymer and 17 parts of petroleum ether (100-120°C fraction). This is then extmded using a vertical ram extruder. The extrudate is subsequently heated in an oven at about 105°C to remove the lubricant, this being followed by sintering at about 380°C. By this process it is possible to produce thin-walled tube with excellent flexing fatigue resistance and to coat wire with very thin coatings or polymer. 

In the low-pressure systems a shot of material is injected into the mould which, if it did not expand, would give a short shot. However, the expanding gas causes the polymer to fill the mould cavity. One important form of the low-pressure process is the Union Carbide process in which the polymer is fed to and melted in an extruder. It is blended with nitrogen which is fed directly into the extruder. The extruder then feeds the polymer melt into an accumulator which holds it under pressure (14-35 MPa) to prevent premature expansion until a predetermined shot builds up. When this has been obtained a valve opens and the accumulator plunger rams the melt into the mould. At this point the mould is only partially filled but the pressurised gas within the melt allows it to expand. 

It is also possible to extrude alcohol-containing celluloid compositions through either ram or screw extruders under carefully controlled conditions. The process is now believed to be universally obsolete. 

USATHAMA) completed a trial burn of explosive, contaminated soil in a rotary kiln (Noland, 1984). Soil contaminated from red and pink water lagoons was successfully burned. A transportable rotary kiln yrstem was set up. The technology by Therm-All, Inc., had been used in industry for destruction of solid wastes. The normal screw feed system was not used, due to fear of a soil explosion during the extruded plug feed process. Therefore, the soil was placed in combustible buckets and individually fed by a ram into the incinerator. The feed rate was 300 to 400 Ib/hr and the operational temperature was 1200° to 1600°F in the kiln and 1600° to 2000°F in the secondary chamber. 

In the intermittent processes, single or multiple parisons are extruded using a reciprocating screw or ram accumulator. In the former system the screw moves forward to extrude the parisons and then screws back to prepare the charge of molten plastic for the next shot. In the other system the screw extruder supplies a constant output to an accumulator. A ram then pushes melt from the accumulator to produce a parison as required. 

Clark, R. M. (1990). Unit process research for removing volatile organic chemicals from drinking water An overview. In Significance and Treatment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Water Supplies, (N. M. Ram, R. F. Christman, and K. P. Cantor, eds.), Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, ML... 

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