Radioactive waste application protective

Environmental standards for disposal of spent nuclear fuel, high-level and transuranic radioactive wastes—applicability, definitions, containment and individual protection requirements EPA 2001 i 40CFR191, Subpart B... 

A large number of application fields can be overlaid by this type of electroactive structure endowed with recognition properties namely, (i) ionic and molecular detection (biological and chemical sensors, microsensors) (ii) extraction for recuperation and depollution (water and radioactive wastes, environmental protection) (iii) ionic and molecular transport for separation (artificial membranes) (iv) chemical and electrochemical syntheses, e.g., asymmetric synthesis (Fig. 1). 

The use of glass is not restricted to the cases mentioned above. Among other applications, mention can be made of those in nuclear technology (protection from radiation, immobilization of radioactive waste by fusion into a chemically resistant glass, etc.), in agriculture (as carrier for fertilizers with long-term effects) and a number of possible applications in electronics (cf., for example, the survey paper by McMillan, 1976). A separate chapter is devoted to the so-called glass-ceramics. 

Rapid growth of nuclear power has brought to a head the problem of storage and burial of radioactive waste products. Now, more than 250,000 tons of exhausted nuclear fuel has accumulated in the world. In light of this, creation of new radioactive-resistant structural materials intended for protection, storage, and burial of radioactive waste products is necessary. Application of RubCon for protection against radiation in enclosed radioactive waste product storehouses is discussed below. 

Human activities and practices, particularly those related to industrial processes, generate Avaste. The production of nuclear energy and the use of radioactive materials in industrial applications, research and medicine generate radioactive waste. The importance of safe management of radioactive waste for the protection of human health and the environment has long been recognized and considerable experience has been gained in this field. 

The submittal of the Draft Compliance Certification Application (radioactive waste) to the United States Environmental Protection Agency on March 31, 1995 ... 

Radiation exposure to the public and the operating personnel shall be ensured in the design and operation to be as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA), social and economic factors being taken into account. This requirement implies that the hazardous consequences from the practice of radioactive waste incineration should be reduced by suitable protective measures to a value such that further reductions become less justified in relation to the additional expenditure required. The dose equivalent to individuals shall not exceed the applicable dose limits set by the competent authority. Further guidance on radiation protection principles may be found in Ref. [6]. 

All applicable recommendations of the regulatory body and the existing national legal provisions should, wherever practicable, be translated into specific provisions and procedures that individuals can apply, and should be incorporated into the radiation protection programme (RPP) and radioactive waste management programme (RWMP) of the plant. 

DORNSIFE, W.P. (1995). Practical applications of a risk-based waste classification system, pages 113 to 145 in Radioactive and Mixed Waste—Risk as a Basis for Waste Classification, NCRP Symposium Proceedings No. 2 (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland). 

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