Radiation regulations license

In any case, and albeit the different regulation in different countries, as a general principle only licensed personnel working in an authorized facility are authorized to handle and use radiopharmaceuticals. Facilities and procedures are subject to periodic inspection by official radiation safety officers that control production and handling of radioactive material, its transportation, proper use, as well as personnel dosimetry and radioactive waste disposal. 

NRC. 1995. Standards for protection against radiation. Quantities of licensed material requiring labeling. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Code of Federal Regulations. 10 CFR 20, Appendix C. 

In recent years, there have been increasing numbers of occasions when the NRC has imposed substantial financial penalties on research facilities, including academic institutions, as they are entitled to do under Section 30.63, for violations that are sufficiently severe. Further, a few years ago, one city filed 179 criminal charges against a major university and several of its faculty members for failure to comply with radiation safety standards. Many individual violations were relatively minor, but apparently the city attorney thought he had a substantial case for a pattern of failure to comply with the terms of the license and the regulations. 

Work with radioactive materials is subjected to licensing procedures that may differ from country to country. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to become familiar with the regulations being issued by the relevant competent authority. Governmental regulations related to radioactive materials are also subjected to changes from time to time to maintain the state of the art of radiation protection. Scientists... 

In selection of a radioactive nuclide as a tracer, attention must be paid to the following factors half-life, radiation emitted, specific activity, chemical form, and purity along with license of use and availability. In the case of a non-iso topic tracer, the element of the tracer must be chosen after due consideration as stated above. In any case, radiation safety and legal regulations have to be carefully followed throughout acquisition, storage, use, and disposal of a radioactive tracer. 

In 1978, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) in the United States went a step further in developing regulations based on the LNT, and adopted a rule for all licensees that personnel doses should be kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). Failiree to implement an ALARA program effectively could result in violations and fines to a company having an NRC license. Consequently, workers in the nuclear industry have developed a deeply entrenched fear of radiation, because all have been well schooled in the LNT hypothesis. 

If measured NORM levels exceed state regulatory levels or U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) exposure dose risks (29 CFR 1910.1096), the material is taken to licensed facilities for proper disposal. In all cases, OSHA requires employers to evaluate radiation hazards, post caution signs, and provide personal protection equipment for workers when radiation doses could exceed 5 mrem in 1 hour or 100 mrem in any 5 consecutive days. In addition to these federal worker protections, states have regulations that require operators to protect the safety and health of both workers and the public. 

On the basis of all the boundary conditions described above a licensing file has been elaborated consisting of the technical plant concept and a detailed description of the safety characteristics with main emphasis on radiation protection activities. The German local authority attested the licensability according to German regulations. This led to the initiation of the formal licensing procedure by the official application placed on December 28, 1995. 

Nuclear Regulatory Conmission Standards for Protection Against Radiation (10 CFR 20) 1 These regulations apply to activities licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and specify radiation dose standards for individuals in restricted and unrestricted areas. (See Table 2 for emission concentration limits.) Relevant and appropriate standards for the emission of specific radionuclides. Managing remediation activities in a manner to ensure emission standards are not exceeded. Monitoring remediation activities in a manner to verify emission standards are not exceeded. 1 2 3 4 o i 1— 0 5. VO SC X9 vO (P O - ... 

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