Radiation reaction force

Galley CR, Leibovich AK, Rothstein IZ (2010) Finite size corrections to the radiation reaction force in classical electrodynamics. Phys Rev Lett 105 094802... 

The radiation reaction force. We return to a consideration of the classical atomic model which was introduced in sections 4.1 and 4.2. We found that there was a loss of energy in the form of radiation which occurred slow ly over many cycles of the electron s motion. However, this loss of energy was not taken into account in the mechanical equation of motion of the electron. This situation can be remedied by introducing a radiation reaction force, F, such that the work done by the reaction force in one cycle of the oscillation is equal to the energy emitted into the radiation field ... 

It can be easily shown (Problems 8.1 and 8.2) that the radiation reaction force is small compared with the binding force at the angular frequencies in which we are interested. Thus the equation of motion of the electron oscillator may, to a good approximation, be written in the form... 

It has become clear only recently that the atmospheric sierosol plays an important role for the climate on earth. It is common to distinguish between direct and indirect effects of the aerosols on the climate. Aerosols effect directly the radiation balance of the earth due to scattering and absorption of electromagnetic radiation (radiative forcing). On the other hand they influence the physics and chemistry of the atmosphere as condensation nuclei for cloud droplets and their chemical reactions with atmospheric trace gases. Though these indirect aerosol effects are difficult to quantify, they are at least as important as the direct radiative forcing. An especially important and complex example for the indirect influence of aerosols on the chemistry and radiation balance of the earth is the role of stratospheric aerosol particles on the polar ozone depletion, which is discussed in more detail below. 

It should be demonstrated that the effects of pipe failures such as jet impingement forces, pipe whip, reaction forces, pressure wave forces, pressure buildup, humidity, temperature and radiation on components, building structures, electrical and instrumentation and control (I C) equipment are sufficiently taken into account. Specifically, it should be shown that ... 

The volume source terms are the work of the volume forces /e plus the heat sources (radiation, reactions or electrical resistance) given by ... 

Net Ionic Equation a chemical equation that shows only the ionic species that actually take part in the reaction Neutralization process that occurs when an acid reacts with a base, a type of reaction involving an acid and base Newton SI unit for force equal to 1 kg-m/s Nonelectrolyte a substance that does not conduct current when it is dissolved in water Nonionizing Radiation electromagnetic radiation with insufficient energy to dislodge electrons and cause ionization in human tissue, for example, radio waves, microwave, visible light Nonmetal elements found on the right side of the periodic table that conduct heat and electricity poorly... 

A vertical laser beam has been used by Ashkin (1970) and Ashkin and Dziedzic (1971) to levitate weakly absorbing spherical particles by radiation pressure. Lateral stability results from the dominance of refracted over reflected components of the scattered light (see Table 7.1). Unequal reflection on opposite sides of the particle, which is caused by beam nonuniformity, produces a net force that drives the particle toward lower light levels this instability is countered by refraction, which produces a reaction that drives the particle toward higher light levels. The particle is thus laterally stabilized in the most intense part of the beam. Laser levitation has the disadvantage that it... 

In Chap. 2 and Chap. 3, Sect. 1.2, the appropriate boundary and initial conditions for reactions between statistically independent pairs of reactants were formulated to model a homogeneous reaction. In these cases, if there is no inter-reactant force, all that is required is one or other reactant to be in vast excess on the other. Since the excited donor or the electron donor has to be produced in situ by photostimulation or high-energy radiation, it is natural to choose [D ] < [A], though there are exceptions. Locating the donor at the origin in a sea of acceptor molecules distributed randomly leads to the initial condition, as before... 

There are several possible mechanisms for the heat exchange between a reacting medium and a heat carrier radiation, conduction and forced or natural convection. Here we shall consider convection only. Other mechanisms are considered in the chapter on heat accumulation. The heat exchanged with a heat carrier (q ) across the reactor wall by forced convection is proportional to the heat exchange area (A) and to the driving force, that is, the temperature difference between the reaction medium and the heat carrier. The proportionality coefficient is the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) ... 

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