Trace gases, atmosphere

Dickinson, R. E. and Cicerone. R. J. (1986). Future global warming from atmospheric trace gases. Nature 319,109-115. 

As with (5.4), this holds for small changes in dip depth or aaL ff 1. Comparison of experimental and theoretical effective absorption path lengths for detection of atmospheric trace gases shows good agreement4, as discussed in Sect. 5.3. 

Microcavity-Enhanced Detection of Atmospheric Trace Gases... 

In recent years, tremendous progress has been achieved in the analysis of the isotope composition of important trace compounds in the atmosphere. The major elements - nitrogen, oxygen, carbon - continually break apart and recombine in a multitude of photochemical reactions, which have the potential to produce isotope fractionations (Kaye 1987). Isotope analysis is increasingly employed in studies of the cycles of atmospheric trace gases e.g., CH4 and N2O, which can give insights into sources and sinks and transport processes of these compounds. The rationale is that various sources have characteristic isotope ratios and that sink processes are accompanied by isotope fractionation. 

Muller, J.-F. Geographical Distribution and Seasonal Variation of Surface Emissions and Deposition Velocities of Atmospheric Trace Gases, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3787-3804 (1992). 

Dawson, G. A., and J. C. Farmer, Soluble Atmospheric Trace Gases in the Southwestern United States. 2. Organic Species HCHO, HCOOH, and CH,COOH, . /. Geophys. Res., 93, 5200-5206 (1988). 

Huey, L. G and E. R. Lovejoy, Reactions of SiFs with Atmospheric Trace Gases Ion Chemistry for Chemical Ionization Detection of HNO, in the Troposphere, Ini. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 155, 133-140 (1996). 

Another area of global-scale dimensions that is commanding increased attention is the potential impact of atmospheric trace gases and aerosol particles on climate, the subject of this chapter. Climate is the longterm statistical characterization of parameters describing what we commonly term weather, such as surface temperature. For example, the mean surface temperature with its associated variability over some time period, typically taken as 30 years, is one measure of climate. Thus, climate is distinguished from short-term, e.g., day-to-day, variations, which are typically referred to as weather. ... 

Dickinson, R. E., and R. J. Cicerone, Future Global Warming from Atmospheric Trace Gases, Nature, 319, 109-115 (1986). 

Ramanathan, V., L. Callis, R. Cess, J. Hansen, I. Isaksen, W. Kihn, A. Lacis, F. Luther, J. Mahlman, R. Reck, and M. Schlesinger, Climate-Chemical Interactions and Effects of Changing Atmospheric Trace Gases, Rec. Geophys., 25, 1441-1482 (1987). 

The need for more complicated considerations in conversion of instrument response to mixing ratios usually arises when instruments that are based on mass-sensitive detectors are used. Common reasons are either that the mass flow is not held constant or that the process whereby the flow of analyte molecules is converted to an electrical signal changes as the pressure changes. These effects are illustrated by a discussion of the pressure response of two instruments commonly used to measure atmospheric trace gases, both based on detection schemes that are inherently mass sensitive. 

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