Radiation processing

Solution polyacrylamides can also be prepared at high polymer soHds by radiation processes (80,81). Polyacrylamides with molecular weights up to 20 million can be prepared by inradiation of acrylamide and comonomers in a polyethylene bag with cobalt-60 gamma radiation at dose rates of 120-200 J/kg-h. The total dose of radiation is controlled to avoid cross-linking. 

Initiation of radical reactions with uv radiation is widely used in industrial processes (85). In contrast to high energy radiation processes where the energy of the radiation alone is sufficient to initiate reactions, initiation by uv irradiation usually requires the presence of a photoinitiator, ie, a chemical compound or compounds that generate initiating radicals when subjected to uv radiation. There are two types of photoinitiator systems those that produce initiator radicals by intermolecular hydrogen abstraction and those that produce initiator radicals by photocleavage (86—91). 

A third source of initiator for emulsion polymerisation is hydroxyl radicals created by y-radiation of water. A review of radiation-induced emulsion polymerisation detailed efforts to use y-radiation to produce styrene, acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, and other similar polymers (60). The economics of y-radiation processes are claimed to compare favorably with conventional techniques although worldwide iadustrial appHcation of y-radiation processes has yet to occur. Use of y-radiation has been made for laboratory study because radical generation can be turned on and off quickly and at various rates (61). 

W. Ming-Jun, D. Cong, M. Zue-Teh, and D. Lianj-Chang, paper presented at the International Conference on Radiation Processing for Elastics and Rjcbber, Canterbury, U.K., Mar. 28—30, 1984. 

V. T. Staimett and co-workers. Prog. Polym. Process. 3, Radiat. Process. Polym., 289—317 (1992). 

Charlesby, A. (1988) Radiation processing of polymers, in Supplementary Volume I of Encyclopedia of Materials Science and Engineering, ed. Cahn, R.W. (Pergamon Press, Oxford) p. 454. 

Radiation processing of polymers was introduced after World War II with the development of the nuclear reactor. In the current years, various radiation sources, e.g.. X-rays (soft and hard), gamma (7) and ultraviolet (UV) rays and electron beam (EB) are being widely used. 

Scalco, E. and Moore, W.F., Proceedings of the Plastics and Rubber Institute International Conference on Radiation Processing for Plastics and Rubber, Brighton, June, 1981. 

Hajare SN, Saroj SD, Dhokane VS, Shashidhar R and Bandekar JR. 2007. Effect of radiation processing on nutritional and sensory quality of minimally processed green gram and garden pea sprouts. Radiat Phys Chem 76 1642-1649. 

Spectrometric technique Radiation process Means of excitation Sample container/ medium Monochr... 

Keywords gamma rays bursts supernovae stars neutron radiation processes non-thermal ... 

Garnett, J.L., Proc. 2nd Inter. Meeting Radiation Processing, Miami Beach, 1978, in press. 

This polarization decreases as the radiating process goes on, and at a faster rate than the intensity itself decreases. 

Cooper, WJ Gehringer, P Pikaev, AK Kurcuz, CN Mincher, BJ. Radiation processes. In Parsons SA, editor. Advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment. London IWA Publishing 2004 209-248. 

Woods, J. Pikaev, K. Applied Radiation Chemistry Radiation Processing, Wiley-Interscience New York, 1994. 

Because irradiation interferes with the natural wound-healing process, it is an important prerequisite of successful application of irradiation that mature tubers with fully developed periderm are suitable for radiation processing and tubers must be properly cured from harvesting and handling injuries before irradiation. 

Howard et al. [79] reported promising results on the effeets of gamma radiation processing (1 kGy) for extending the shelf life of refrigerated pieo de gallo, a Mexiean-... 

In addition to economic feasibility, radiation processing is less energy consumptive than other decontamination techniques—an increasingly encouraging feature of radiation technology [150]. 

Understanding the Key Radiation Processing Parameters—A Guide for Food Producers, Leaflet published by PURIDEC Irradiation Technologies, 2001. 

Diehl, J.F. Food irradiation—past, present and future. IMRP-102, In Conference Programme and Abstracts of the I2th International Meeting on Radiation Processing, 25-30 March 2001, Avignon, France. 

Kanatt, S. R., Chander, R., Radhakrishna, P., Sharma, A. (2005). Potato peel extract - a natural antioxidant for retarding lipid peroxidation in radiation processed lamb meat J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 1499-1504. 

H) G. Bekefi S.C. Brown, AmJPhysics 34, 1001-05 (1966) (Waves Radiation Processes in Plasma)... 

Types of atomic fluorescence. The solid lines represent radiational processes and the dashed lines non-radiational processes. In the latter, a single-headed arrow represents non-radiational deactivation and a double-headed arrow a thermal activation process. The term anti-Stokes is used when the radiation emitted is of shorter wavelength, i.e. greater energy than that absorbed. 

Radiation processing with electron beam offers several disfincf advantages when compared to other radiation sources, particularly y-rays and x-rays ... 

The electron beam radiation process is practically free of waste products, and therefore is no serious environmental hazard. 

Radiation Processing of Polymers (Singh, A., and Sliverman, J., Eds.), Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (1992). 

Low-power linacs are mostly used in cancer therapy and industrial radiography, whereas medium-power linacs are utilized in radiation processing. 

Schematic of an indirect accelerator (microwave Hnac). (CleUand, M.R., Radiation Processing of Polymers (Singh, A., and Silverman, Eds.) Carl Hanser Publishers, p. 30 (1992). With permission of Carl Hanser Publishers.)...

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