Decontamination techniques

This second edition features in-depth coverage of actual response techniques and new approaches for coping with critical situations caused by criminal activity, industrial accidents, or even mini-epidemics. Augmenting its coverage of field first aid for response personnel, this edition contains up-to-date tools such as checklists and streamlined procedures for on-scene coordination. It incorporates the latest detection devices, cost/recovery and hazard analyses, diagnostic methods, pretreatments, vaccines, decontamination techniques, antidotes, and medical treatments available. This edition also adds a focused review of the progress and projected developments for military protocols and procedures. 

In emergency stabilization, life-saving measures should always take priority over all other decontamination techniques. We have advocated the following approach ABCDE. 

In addition to economic feasibility, radiation processing is less energy consumptive than other decontamination techniques—an increasingly encouraging feature of radiation technology [150]. 

Army. 1984b. Development of novel decontamination techniques for explosive contaminated facilities. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency. Document no. AD P004880. 

Pavel, L.V. and Gavrilescu, M. 2008. Overview of ex situ decontamination techniques for soil cleanup. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 7 815-34. 

It has also become evident that microorganisms are continuously adapting to survive in the presence of previously effective control methods (Rico et ah, 2008). In response to safety concerns from these dilemmas, research intensified to address new techniques demanded in all steps of the production and distribution chain for maintaining required food quality that will at the same time inhibit undesired microbial growth (Rico et ah, 2008 Samelis et ah, 2002). Research has also shifted the focus to the potential implications of new decontamination techniques on pathogen behavior as well as on the microbial ecology of food products (Samelis et ah, 2002). 

Decontamination technique Application method Time of acid exposure Temperature Pressure and angle of spray... 

Treated carcasses are known to possess pH values ranging from 3.3-5.8 (Kanellos and Burriel, 2005 Mehyar et al., 2005 Del Rfo et al., 2007). The pH may be influenced by different factors, such as (1) the type of organic acid, (2) treatment time, (3) organic acid concentration, and (4) combinations with other decontamination techniques (Del Rfo et al., 2007 Alvarez-Ordonez et al., 2009). 

Sengupta, S. A New Separation and Decontamination Technique for Heavy-Metal-Laden-Sludges Using Sorptive/Desorptive Ion exchange Membrances. Ph.D. dissertation, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 1993. 

A variety of decontamination techniques are used. Key considerations in the selection of techniques include the appropriateness of wet or dry application, the nature of contaminant deposition, the depth of contamination, the sensitivity of the project to decontamination or surface damage, and the availability of ratios to monitor effectiveness. 

Three basic types of decontamination techniques exist ... 

Table III. Gross and Final Decontamination Techniques and Their Effectiveness...

Alternative 2 can be further broken down into active decontamination techniques and into more passive techniques, such as composting and phytoremediation. Table 32.1 presents the typical sediment remediation techniques used. In situ treatment, however, is another option. 

EPRI-NP-2777, "Comparison of Decontamination Techniques for Reactor Coo I ant System AppI i cat i ons. "... 

As soon as possible, use wet decontamination techniques to ensure contamination control. 

Threat assessment and recognition of threats to the provider arc discussed. The threats posed by bombs, explosions, radioactive material, chemical, and biological agents arc explored. Basic decontamination techniques arc addressed along with the threats posed by clandestine drug laboratories. 

These guidelines address patient and healthcare staff testing, source control methods, decontamination techniques, and prevention of tuberculosis-contaminated air. This enforcement policy refers to CDC guidelines and the OSHA general duty clause. OSHA conducts inspections in response to complaints and during routine compliance visits in the following workplaces ... 

TABLE 13.9. Mercury-Cell Plant Decontamination Techniques... 

Some in-service decontamination techniques have also been proposed to reduce the amount of deposited radionuclides. According to the results of loop experiments reported by Amey et al. (1989), the amount of cobalt which is deposited in a PWR primary circtiit can be reduced by treatment with elevated boric acid concentrations at temperatures around 120 °C. This procedure results in a comparatively high concentration of dissolved cobalt in the coolant (values on the order of 500 ppt were measured) which can be removed by the purification system. This effect is probably due to dissolution or leaching of the outer iron-rich corrosion product layer, which usually contains comparatively high amounts of cobalt. Based on these results, an on-line chemical treatment for cobalt management was proposed for application to established plants as well as in the pre-operational phase during which the parent nuclide Co can be removed before activation to Co occurred. 

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