Polymer processing radiation treatment

Graphitization of Aliphatics. Chars are produced by the carbonization of aliphatic hydrocarbons (compounds with an open-ended chain) and of most polymers. They do not graphitize readily. Their turbostratic structure and the random arrangement of their crystallites (shown in Fig. 3.4 of Ch. 3) remain essentially unchanged, regardless ofthe temperature and duration of the heat-treatment. However, in some cases the graphitization of chars can be enhanced by a radiation treatment or by the presence of a metallic or mineral catalyst.1 1 The catalytic process involves the dissolution of carbon particles at the catalyst sites and the precipitation of greiphite. 

The solid polymer electrolyte cells are viewed as being particularly appropriate for the treatment of high purity water systems, including the provision of ultra pure water for the pharmaceutical industry, cf. Ref. [205], The process is often coupled with UV radiation which serves to decompose unwanted, residual ozone [133],... 

Once radioactive decay starts, it continues until all the atoms have reached a stable state. The radioisotope can only be shielded to prevent exposure to the radiation. The most common applications of gamma rays are sterilization of single-use medical supplies, elimination of organisms from pharmaceuticals, microbial reduction in and on consumer products, cancer treatment, and processing of polymers (cross-linking, polymerization, degradation etc.). 

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