Radiation chemistry history

Studies in radiation chemistry were renewed after the Second World War in Perrin s laboratory, which now was directed by Edmond Bauer, with Michel Magat one of the main researchers in the field. See Gueron and Magat, "A History," 20. 

Okamura S (1989) A short history of applied radiation polymer chemistry in Japan. In Kroh J (ed) Early developments in radiation chemistry. Royal Soc. Chem., London, 321... 

Perlin, A. S., Action of Lead Tetraacetate on the Sugars, 14, 9-61 PERLIN, A. S., [Obituary of] Clifford Burrough Purves, 23, 1-10 Phillips, G. O., Photochemistry of Carbohydrates, 18, 9-59 PHILLIPS, G. O., Radiation Chemistry of Carbohydrates, 16, 13-58 Pigman, Ward, and Isbell, Horace S., Mutarotation of Sugars in Solution Part I. History, Basic Kinetics, and... 

The history of the radiation chemistry of polymers is the subject of another lecture in this symposium by Professor Chaplro. However, since the main theme of the symposium is aimed at the use of electron beams In lithography for the manufacture of electronic devices, it is appropriate to refer briefly to the radiation chemistry of polymeric materials. 

Radiation chemistry, like all fields of science, has been strongly influenced by the techniques that were available to make measurements. As more and more sophisticated techniques become available, more and more sophisticated questions were posed and answered. In this short review of the history of radiation chemistry, I will select the various eras of radiation chemistry, as defined by the techniques available, and discuss the concepts and conclusions of the time. At the end, I will summarize where radiation chemistry is and what are the unanswered questions and new techniques that are needed to answer these questions. Much more on such topics will be found in the rest of the volume. 

The development of the sources led to studies in polymers, solids, organic systems, which were too numerous to mention. One only needs to look at the chapters by Dole, Willard and others in the book on the history of radiation chemistry to find the wide range of chemical systems that could be studied. ... 

In this book, we have made an effort to provide an overall view of the emerging trends in radiation chemistry authored by experts in the field. The introductory chapter covers the history of radiation chemistry, underlining its achievements and issues that need to be addressed in future research. By renewing its research directions and capabilities in recent years, radiation chemistry research is poised to thrive because of its critical importance to today s upcoming technologies. Detailed accounts of fast and ultrafast pulse radiolysis instrumentation development and recent advances on ultrafast... 

The history of radiation chemistry of polymers started in the early 1950s (Chapiro 1962 Charlesby and Alexander 1955). Poly(Ai-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) was and still is an often applied polymer, also as hydrogel, in medicine and pharmacy. In 1955 Charlesby and Alexander first reported on cross-linking of PVP (Charlesby and Alexander 1955). Since then various other water soluble polymers have been radiochemically cross-linked, even for creating new biomaterials (Hoffman 1981). Hydrogels can be synthesized by radiation techniques in different ways ... 

Atmospheric aerosols have a direct impact on earth s radiation balance, fog formation and cloud physics, and visibility degradation as well as human health effect[l]. Both natural and anthropogenic sources contribute to the formation of ambient aerosol, which are composed mostly of sulfates, nitrates and ammoniums in either pure or mixed forms[2]. These inorganic salt aerosols are hygroscopic by nature and exhibit the properties of deliquescence and efflorescence in humid air. That is, relative humidity(RH) history and chemical composition determine whether atmospheric aerosols are liquid or solid. Aerosol physical state affects climate and environmental phenomena such as radiative transfer, visibility, and heterogeneous chemistry. Here we present a mathematical model that considers the relative humidity history and chemical composition dependence of deliquescence and efflorescence for describing the dynamic and transport behavior of ambient aerosols[3]. 

Occultists, then, increasingly focused on alchemy as a material science validated by the new atomic chemistry and physics, even if it was a science with spiritual implications. Many occult phenomena now began to be explained in terms of radiation and material particles as occultists turned to scientists to validate their belief.6 Never had modem occultism been so much concerned with the nature of matter—that is, the nature of material change. To understand this development in the relationship between occultism and material science, we must first briefly rehearse the history of the broad occult movement beginning half a century earlier. 

We have seen, for example, that members of Lespieau s school of theoretical chemistry narrated a history of battle within the field of French chemistry against the institutionally powerful intellectual disciples of Deville, Berthelot and Jungfleisch, on the one hand, and against the conceptually powerful, if institutionally weak, school of Duhem, on the other hand. They situated themselves adjacent and sometimes interior to the scientific circle of Perrin, with its focus on kinetics and the radiation hypothesis, and in opposition to the... 

In short, although the history of anthropogenic perturbations to the stratosphere is much shorter, it is clear that these are also important. Indeed, such perturbations are expected to affect the chemistry of the troposphere as well for example, increased UV radiation will alter photochemistry at the earth s surface. 

The proposal, elaboration, and eventual demise in the late 1920s (after considerable controversy) of the Radiation Hypothesis , which was introduced in the first decade of the 20th century to account for chemical reactions that were indirectly caused by radiation, has been discussed.129 There is a book on the history of radical chemistry130 and also a book co-authored by one of the participants about the development of free radical chemistry during the half century from about the end of World War II.131 The Dutch School of Catalysis,132 R Sabatier s (1854-1941) role in the discovery of catalysis,133 and the establishment and development of the Ipatieff Laboratory at Northwestern University134 have also been presented. 

Okamura S (ed) (1990) Thirty-year history of radiation polymer chemistry in Japan (in Japanese), Commemoration Committee, Osaka... 

The history of the development of radiation uses in the polymer field is an interesting example of how a new technology is transferred from the laboratory to industry. It is concerned with classical techniques in polymer chemistry, suddenly confronted with a new tool, radiation, which at first is only available on a small scale, suitable for fundamental research but which, under the pressure of new and valuable results, is finally accepted by industry in spite of its frightening environment. Today we witness the development of this technology in many different branches of industry. It is, however, still in its infancy and further growth is expected to follow from presently known facets as well as from the discovery of new applications. 

Triphenylmethanol, prepared in the experiment in Chapter 31, has played an interesting part in the history of organic chemistry. It was converted to the first stable carbocation and the first stable free radical. In this experiment triphenylmethanol is easily converted to the triphenylmethyl (trityl) carbocation, carbanion, and radical. Each of these is stabilized by ten contributing resonance forms and consequently is unusually stable. Because of their long conjugated systems, these forms absorb radiation in the visible region of the spectrum and thus can be detected visually. 

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