Racialization

The finite (hfference equations will be formulated with five racial increments m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and for as many axial increments as necessary to obtain 50 percent conversion. Accordingly,... 

The Grank-Nicholson implicit method and the method of lines for numerical solution of these equations do not restrict the racial and axial increments as Eq. (P) does. They are more involved procedures, but the burden is placed on the computer in all cases. 

Pre-empt cases of sexual/racial/disability discrimination... 

Discrimination can take many forms, but, as pointed out in Chapter 4, all types are likely to be the result of stereotypical thinking and behaviour present in organizations coupled with institutional discrimination. Variations of sexual, racial or disability discrimination within mentoring programs include the following ... 

In the rare cases where sexual, racial or disability discrimination occur, this needs to be dealt with swiftly for ethical reasons as well as the sake of the mentoring scheme s reputation. There are various penalties that can be applied to such offences, ranging from warnings of dismissal from the program to dismissal from the company. As with all disciplinary or grievance cases, the penalty should be appropriate to the offence and thorough procedures should have been carried out to verify any allegations. 

People who abuse inhalants are found in both urban and rural settings. Adverse socioeconomic conditions, rather than racial or cultural factors per se, account for most reported ethnic differences in rates of inhalant abuse. Native American youths living on reservations typically have higher rates of inhalant abuse than youths both in the general population and among Native Americans who do not live on reservations (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 1996). 

Well tolerated in darker racial/ethnic groups... 

Grimes et al. [8] reported substantial efficacy and minimal side effects in 25 patients treated with 20 and 30% salicylic acid peels in darker racial-ethnic groups. Conditions treated included acne vulgaris, melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. 

Grimes PE (1999) The safety and efficacy of salicylic acid chemical peels in darker racial-ethnic groups. Dermatol Surg 18-22... 

Susceptibility to acne is also due to genetic factors. It does not follow Mendelian rules however, if both parents had severe acne when adolescents, their children are likely to present with clinical acne in puberty. Genetic factors play an important role in determining the size and the activity of sebaceous glands, while exogenous factors such as colonization of P acnes modulate the clinical expression of acne. Racial differences also exist. Caucasians are more prone to severe acne than black people. 

There is minimal published data on the use of combination peeling protocols in deeply pigmented skin (Fitzpatrick skin types IV-Vl). The author has reported the efficacy of combination peeling with salicylic acid 20 and 30% in combination with 10% TCA for recalcitrant melasma patients. This peeling regimen was well tolerated with minimal side effects in darker racial ethnic groups (see Salicylic acid/TCA peel section). 

Clinicians should be acutely aware that deeper peels carry substantial risks of inducing scarring and hypopigmentation in darker-skinned racial-ethnic groups (Fig. 13.6). 

Szabo G, Gerald AB, Patnak MA, Fitzpatrick TB (1969) Racial differences in the fate of melano-somes in hirnian epidermis. Nature 222 1081-1082... 

Berardesca E, Maibach H (1996) Racial differences in skin pathophysiology. J Am Acad Dermatol 34 ... 

Melasma is an acquired hyperpigmentation disorder characterized by moth-eaten tan or brownish macules and patches that occur on the sun-exposed areas of the skin (Fig. 14.1) [1]. Melasma is most commonly observed in women, but also in 10% of men. It affects all racial groups but is more prevalent in skin types IV-Vl. When melasma is associated with pregnancy it is called chloasma or mask of pregnancy . 

Fewer than half of all patients with acute stroke are seen in the emergency department (ED) within 3 hours of symptom onset." Patients in remote locations or in hospitals without available stroke expertise may have even more limited access to thrombolysis. In a study of non-urban East Texas communities in the United States, only 1.4% of patients with ischemic stroke received IV rt-PA, versus 14.7% at a university hospital in Houston, the nearest major city. Other studies have linked racial, ethnic, geographic, or socioeconomic differences to low rates of rt-PA utilization," suggesting that populations most underserved by stroke expertise may have the lowest rates of rt-PA delivery. 

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