Quinolones and fluoroquinolones

Nalidixic acid (Fig. 10.74) was the first therapeutically useful agent in this class of 

The quinolones and fluoroquinolones are thought to act on the bacterial enzyme deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase (DNA gyrase). This enzyme catalyses the supercoiling of chromosomal DNA into its tertiary structure. A consequence of this is that replication and transcription are inhibited and the bacterial cell s genetic code remains unread. At present, the mechanism by which these agents inhibit DNA gyrase is unclear. 

---

Snitkoff et al. [75] reported the development of an EIA for the detection of ciprofloxacin in serum, which was sensitive at picogram per milliliter levels of the antibiotic and no cross-reaction with its metabolites was observed. Gobbo et al. [118] recently described the production of PAb for ciprofloxacin with the aim of detecting fluoroquinolones in Brazilian livestock. On the other hand, Bucknall et al. [77] produced antibodies for quinolones and fluoroquinolones with the aim of developing both generic and specific immunoassays. ELISAs for ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, flumequine, and nalidixic acid were developed with sensitivity values around 4 pg kg 1 (on both the generic and specific assays) in bovine milk and ovine kidney. 

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones inhibit DIMA gyrase (prokaryotic topoisomerase II), preventing DNA replication and transcription. These dmgs, which are most active against aerobic gram-negative bacteria, indude ... 

Turiel E, Bordin G, Rodriguez AR (2005) Deteraiination of quinolones and fluoroquinolones in hospital sewage water by off-line and on-line solid-phase extraction procedures coupled to HPLC-UV. J Sep Sci 28 257-267... 

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones are widely used against bacteria and mycobacteria [108], Recently, it has been shown that, similarly to T. gondii, at pharmalogical concentrations, ciprofloxacin (Fig. 18) acts on P. falciparum [109]. Among all the (fluoro)quinolones active on bacteria and tested against P. falciparum strains (3D7 or NF54-R), none of them showed an activity better than 1 pg/mL (the most... 

R = various substituents X and R can also be linked by a bridging bond Fig. 14.3 The general structure of quinolones and fluoroquinolones. 

The reactivity of 13 quinolones and fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, enoxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, moxifloxacin, nalidixic acid. 

Quinolone and fluoroquinolone antibiotics are a group of highly-potent, synthetic antibiotics, derived from 3-quinolone carboxylic acid They are used as broad-spectrum antibiotics in the treatment of both human and veterinary diseases. 

Arthrotoxicity and mechanism of action of quinolones and fluoroquinolones 00MI40. 

The quinolones and fluoroquinolones may produce arthropathy, and hence should not be used in prepubertal children or pregnant women. Nalidixic acid and cinoxacin are useful only for treating urinary tract infections. Ciprofloxacin is useful for both urinary tract infections and prostatitis (see also Figure 85). 

The quinolones and fluoroquinolones may produce arthropathy, and hence should not be used in prepubertal children or pregnant women. 

Structural Formulas of Selected Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones (Continued)... 

Johnston L, Mackay L, Croft M, Determination of quinolones and fluoroquinolones in fish tissue and seafood by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometric detection, J. Chromatogr. A 2002 982 97-109. 

---